Isotope-aided modelling of ecohydrologic fluxes and water ages under mixed land use in Central Europe: The 2018 drought and its recovery

Understanding the interactions of vegetation and soil water under varying hydrological conditions is crucial to aid quantitative assessment of land-use sustainability for maintaining water supply for humans and plants. Isolating and estimating the volume and ages of water stored within different compartments of the critical zone, and the associated fluxes of evaporation, transpiration, and groundwater recharge, facilitates quantification of these soil–plant-water interactions and the response of ecohydrological fluxes to wet and dry periods. We used the tracer-aided ecohydrological model EcH₂O-iso to examine the response of water ages of soil water storage, groundwater recharge, evaporation, and root-uptake at a mixed land use site, in northeastern Germany during the drought of 2018 and in the following winter months. The approach applied uses a dynamic vegetation routine which constrains water use by ecological mechanisms. Two sites with regionally typical land-use types were investigated: a forested site with sandy soils and a deep rooting zone and a grassland site, with loamier soils and shallower rooting zone. This results in much younger water ages (<1 year) through the soil profile in the forest compared to the grass, coupled with younger groundwater recharge. The higher water use in the forest resulted in a more pronounced annual cycle of water ages compared to the more consistent water age in the loamier soil of the grasslands. The deeper rooting zone of the forested site also resulted in older root-uptake water usage relative to soil evaporation, while the grassland site root-uptake was similar to that of soil evaporation. Besides more dynamic water ages in the forest, replenishment of younger soil waters to soil storage was within 6 months following the drought (cf. >8 months in the grassland). The temporal evaluation of the responsiveness of soil and vegetation interactions in hydrologic extremes such as 2018 is essential to understand changes in hydrological processes and the resilience of the landscape to the longer and more severe summer droughts predicted under future climate change.     

地铁对交通可达性的改善分析——以福州地铁前期线网为例

在ArcGIS软件支持下,构建福州交通网络数据库,并结合多种数据和多种分析方法对福州地铁1、2号线路的交通进行了可达性评价．首先通过ArcGIS中的叠加分析、缓冲区分析、建模等手段对地铁沿线的道路网分布现状进行研究,发现地铁1、2号线建成后将大大缩短通行时间,提高了城市外围地区的交通可达性．其次,利用网络分析工具计算得出地铁将平均减少市民出行时间8．88min,减少地铁沿线出行时间11．6min,在出行高峰期的影响更为显著,可减少将近20min．研究结果可为交通部门提供参考．     

基于InSAR的城市地下轨道交通沉降与灾害监测

城市地铁建设会对邻域造成地质环境损伤,甚至发生灾变。传统基于点位测量的方法在实际应用过程中存在野外作业周期长、受天气影响及耗费大量人力物力等缺点。因此,本文基于城市地下轨道交通安全施工中的应用需求,以天津市地铁五号线为例,利用27景TerraSAR数据和PS-InSAR时序监测方法,对地下轨道交通地铁站和隧道施工影响进行了监测和评估。结果表明,PS-InSAR能在施工期间监测到地铁线及周边的形变,有利于城市轨道交通全生命健康监测。     

水准测量技术在宁波市轨道交通3号线工程中的应用分析

交通轨道施工环境复杂,周围高层建筑物林立,威胁着建设工程安全施工。因此,加强大型建设项目施工过程中的形变监测有助于施工项目安全开展。本文以水准测量技术为监测手段,对宁波市轨道交通3号线工程进行了形变监测,文章从3个方面进行形变分析。监测结果表明,深层土体位移最大为131.37 mm,支护桩顶部水平位移最大为2 mm,支护桩顶部沉降位移最大为2.1 mm,地表沉降最大为201.4 mm,项目施工开始至结束,未出现报警值情况,说明建设工程整体设计合理,认为该建设工程项目对临近建筑物影响不大,可以安全施工。     

洛哌丁胺对大鼠慢传输型便秘模型的稳定性研究

目的：观察洛哌丁胺对大鼠慢传输型便秘模型稳定性的影响。方法：将20只大鼠随机分成对照组、模型组、模型维持组、治疗组,每组各5只。模型组、模型维持组、治疗组予洛哌丁胺混悬液灌胃,对照组以等体积的0.9%氯化钠注射液灌胃,连续6 d。造模第7天开始模型维持组继续予洛哌丁胺混悬液灌胃,治疗组灌胃莫沙必利混悬液,对照组及模型组灌胃等体积0.9%氯化钠注射液。观察大鼠造模前、造模6d和干预6d后的一般情况、6 h粪便粒数及重量、粪便含水率及大肠墨汁推进率。结果：造模6 d后大鼠出现活动减少,采食减少,毛发枯萎脱落,尿黄,大便数量及含水量减少;模型组造模停止6 d后及治疗组干预后大鼠一般情况改善,采食量、体质量增长,粪便粒数、粪便含水率均增加。各组大鼠6 h粪便粒数、重量、含水量方面,造模6d后,模型组、模型维持组、治疗组与对照组组间比较及造模前后组内比较,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）;对照组、模型组、治疗组与模型维持组比较,差异均有统计学意义P<0.05）;治疗组、模型维持组、模型组干预6d后与造模6d后比较,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。对照组、模型组、治疗组与模型维持组大鼠大肠墨汁推进率比较,差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论：洛哌丁胺大鼠慢传输型便秘模型是一种相对简便的慢传输型便秘大鼠模型,模型停药后可自愈,需用药物维持模型的稳定性。     

城市轨道交通和建成环境对居民步行行为的影响

步行作为一种主要的交通方式和日常体力活动形式,其与公共交通使用和建成环境的关系是城市地理学和公共健康研究的热点。目前城市轨道交通对步行行为的影响研究相对不足,且在中国的实证研究中对于自选择问题的控制尚未引起足够重视。基于2014年西安市建成环境与居民出行行为微观调查数据,采用匹配对照的准实验研究设计,通过自选择效应的控制,本文探究并区分了城市轨道交通及建成环境对交通和休闲步行频率的影响。研究发现:① 出行态度和偏好等自选择因素对个人步行频率具有重要影响。② 控制了个人社会经济属性和自选择因素后,受访者对建成环境的感知极大地影响了步行频率。③ 客观建成环境变量对于步行频率的影响与发达国家的实证研究结果存在一定差异。无论交通步行还是休闲步行频率模型中,均未发现密度的显著影响。客观建成环境变量中周边购物及餐饮设施数量和常规公交站点数量对交通步行频率产生显著正效应,但对休闲步行并不产生显著影响。④ 地铁对交通步行频率具有显著的独立影响。本研究有助于进一步了解城市居民步行出行背后的影响因素,并为通过优化城市土地利用规划来引导城市居民绿色和健康出行的政策制定提供启示。     

国外城市轨道交通对房地产价值的影响研究

从区域的角度分析北美洲、欧洲和东亚的城市轨道交通与房地产价值的相关研究成果,论述轨道交通所带来的巨大的经济、社会和环境效应.国外关于城市轨道交通对商业物业价值的研究较少,这是值得开辟的研究视角;城市轨道交通对房地产价值的影响具有区域性和时效性;对城市轨道交通与房地产价值的研究非常强调定性与定量的结合.这些成果对我国关于城市轨道交通对房地产价值影响研究具有一定的借鉴意义.     

Influence of lowland aquifers and anthropogenic impacts on the isotope hydrology of contrasting mesoscale catchments

We examined the isotope hydrology of eight, contrasting mesoscale (104–488 km²) catchments characterized by a systematic change in the relative importance of upland and lowland areas that reflects the relative distribution of metamorphic and sedimentary rocks. Precipitation and stream water were monitored over a 12‐month period, and stable isotopes were used to examine spatial variations in the hydrometric and tracer dynamics of the catchments. Isotopic tracers were used to examine the temporal dynamics of different runoff sources, and geochemical tracers (alkalinity) were used to identify the geographic sources of runoff. Input–output relationships of isotopic tracers were explored using a gamma function to fit a transit time distribution, which was used to test the hypothesis that the length of mean transit times increased systematically with the cover of sandstone aquifers in the catchments. However, in three catchments, the increased influence of anthropogenic factors, notably reservoir storage, urban runoff and agricultural abstraction for irrigation, prevented reliable transit time estimation. For sites where tentative mean transit time estimates were possible, these varied from around 1.6 years in upland catchments dominated by metamorphic rocks (>75%) and responsive soils to around 4 years in catchments with 34% sandstone cover and freely draining soils. These preliminary results were consistent with inferences of geochemical tracers on the increased role of sedimentary aquifers as runoff sources in lowland areas, but observation from a larger number of sites is needed to confirm this. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

城市轨道交通示意图注记质量评价模型研究

以城市轨道交通示意图为对象,利用AHP方法构建了一个注记质量评价模型。在考虑可辨阈限、注记-要素压盖度、优先级、注记-要素关联性4个独立指标的基础上,补充了单位面积注记量和偏移量两个修正指标。选取上海、伦敦、莫斯科、米兰和圣保罗5个城市的轨道交通示意图进行实例验证,结果显示两个修正指标的提出具有合理性,可为注记配置的自动化提供基本参考。