城市轨道交通土建施工第三方监测的实践

结合广州地铁五号线土建施工第三方监测的工程实践,介绍了第三方监测的工作内容及信息反馈方法,总结了监测的经验。     

Water transport and tracer mixing in volcanic ash soils at a tropical hillslope: A wet layered sloping sponge

Andosol soils formed in volcanic ash provide key hydrological services in montane environments. To unravel the subsurface water transport and tracer mixing in these soils we conducted a detailed characterization of soil properties and analyzed a 3-year data set of sub-hourly hydrometric and weekly stable isotope data collected at three locations along a steep hillslope. A weakly developed (52–61 cm depth), highly organic andic (Ah) horizon overlaying a mineral (C) horizon was identified, both showing relatively similar properties and subsurface flow dynamics along the hillslope. Soil moisture observations in the Ah horizon showed a fast responding (few hours) “rooted” layer to a depth of 15 cm, overlying a “perched” layer that remained near saturated year-round. The formation of the latter results from the high organic matter (33–42%) and clay (29–31%) content of the Ah horizon and an abrupt hydraulic conductivity reduction in this layer with respect to the rooted layer above. Isotopic signatures revealed that water resides within this soil horizon for short periods, both at the rooted (2 weeks) and perched (4 weeks) layer. A fast soil moisture reaction during rainfall events was also observed in the C horizon, with response times similar to those in the rooted layer. These results indicate that despite the perched layer, which helps sustain the water storage of the soil, a fast vertical mobilization of water through the entire soil profile occurs during rainfall events. The latter being the result of the fast transmissivity of hydraulic potentials through the porous matrix of the Andosols, as evidenced by the exponential shape of the water retention curves of the subsequent horizons. These findings demonstrate that the hydrological behavior of volcanic ash soils resembles that of a “layered sponge,” in which vertical flow paths dominate.     

干旱区一次锋面过境短时暴雨中尺度系统分析

利用加密自动站、卫星云图及雷达图像等资料,对2010年6月7日白天到夜间宁夏中北部地区出现的短时暴雨天气成因及中尺度系统演变进行分析。结果表明,此次短时暴雨是在“东高西低”稳定的环流形势和锋面过境背景下,500 hPa西风槽,700 hPa切变线、低涡、低空急流,850 hPa切变线,地面冷锋等主要影响系统相互配合、共同作用下发生的;大降水落区位于低空急流左侧与切变线尾部的辐合区,这可作为宁夏中尺度暴雨天气系统的一种典型特征;逆风区的出现和S型风场、锋面过境雷达图像特征是此次强降水典型的雷达回波特征,逆风区分布与中尺度系统走向基本一致。     

世界大都会区城际轨道交通的发展规律

通过选取世界255 个大都会区城际轨道交通样本,对城际轨道交通的发展历程、空间分布和网络特征进行了规律性总结;在此基础上,进一步分析城际轨道交通规模与大都会区人口、用地、经济规模之间的相关关系,构建多个回归模型;最后,应用于珠江三角洲区域,对其城际轨道交通的规模和布局进行预测。模型显示,世界大都会区城际轨道交通的规模与经济的相关程度最高,其次是人口和用地,而人均城际轨道规模与人均GDP和人口密度呈指数相关,其中,与人均GDP正相关,与人口密度负相关。应用模型得到,珠三角城际轨道交通的规划规模超前于现有经济发展水平,但低于人口发展水平。近期应重点建设广州、佛山、深圳、东莞4 个城市重要节点的城际轨道交通,构建广佛和广深两条走廊,并联系珠海、中山、肇庆、惠州、江门的中心城区,形成以广州为中心的放射状布局;远期则需要进一步加大广州、深圳、佛山、东莞、珠海、中山的线网密度,扩大线网的覆盖范围,并对外围的肇庆、惠州和江门适当增加联系的节点,最终形成网络状布局。     

一种城市公交线网分布的可视化分析方法

可视化分析技术在分析交通数据、发现交通问题及辅助决策扮演着越来越重要的角色,成为一项重要的智能交通技术。为了更加直观地展示城市公交线网空间分布的疏密情况,本文基于北京市公交线路矢量数据,采用直接可视化和聚集可视化两种方法对公交线网的空间分布进行了分析。通过对原数据处理计算得到了基于北京市主干道的公交线路分布数据并进行了直接可视化;同时利用HTML5的Canvas绘制热力图的方法对原数据进行了聚集可视化,根据可视化结果对北京市公交线路空间分布情况进行了分析。该方法对城市公交线网规划和优化有实用价值和意义。     

Mapping transit‐based access: integrating GIS,routes and schedules

Seabed sediment textural parameters such as mud, sand and gravel content can be useful surrogates for predicting patterns of benthic biodiversity. Multibeam sonar mapping can provide near-complete spatial coverage of high-resolution bathymetry and backscatter data that are useful in predicting sediment parameters. Multibeam acoustic data collected across a ～1000 km² area of the Carnarvon Shelf, Western Australia, were used in a predictive modelling approach to map eight seabed sediment parameters. Four machine learning models were used for the predictive modelling: boosted decision tree, random forest decision tree, support vector machine and generalised regression neural network. The results indicate overall satisfactory statistical performance, especially for %Mud, %Sand, Sorting, Skewness and Mean Grain Size. The study also demonstrates that predictive modelling using the combination of machine learning models has provided the ability to generate prediction uncertainty maps. However, the single models were shown to have overall better prediction performance than the combined models. Another important finding was that choosing an appropriate set of explanatory variables, through a manual feature selection process, was a critical step for optimising model performance. In addition, machine learning models were able to identify important explanatory variables, which are useful in identifying underlying environmental processes and checking predictions against the existing knowledge of the study area. The sediment prediction maps obtained in this study provide reliable coverage of key physical variables that will be incorporated into the analysis of covariance of physical and biological data for this area.     

基于WebGIS的城市轨道交通测量管理系统的设计与开发

基于WebGIS技术,设计和实现了一套用于轨道交通测量全过程生产管理的信息系统。本文介绍了该系统的主要目标、设计思路、技术路线以及在生产实践中的应用情况,对GIS技术在轨道交通测量领域中的应用有一定的借鉴意义。     

天津轨道交通对地磁观测干扰的影响研究

直流牵引城市轨道交通系统在运行过程中产生的磁场对我国大城市周边地磁台站的观测数据产生较为严重的干扰.城市轨道交通运行过程中产生泄露电流是产生干扰的重要原因.本文以真空中的线电流磁场计算模型为基础,通过简化的远场磁场干扰模型对天津地铁轨道交通干扰进行理论建模.该模型计算简洁高效.通过对模型的数值模拟,获得了干扰随距离衰减...     

城市轨道交通U型梁动力性能研究与实验验证

为探讨城市轨道交通U型梁车桥系统的动力响应,采用线性化轮轨模型建立了31个自由度的轮轨式车辆动力学模型.模型考虑了新型算法的横竖向轨道不平顺,以重庆市轨道交通一号线工程中梁山以西高架区间所采用标准跨径为30m的单线小U结构为对象,采用自编程序对机车车辆过桥时的车桥耦合振动进行了分析,并通过计算与实测结果的对比分析对所建...