岩溶区页岩气勘探中的近地表地球物理探测技术应用研究

岩溶区页岩气钻井在近地表常揭露溶洞、地下河、强裂隙带等不良地质体,严重制约了页岩气资源勘探开发的进程。在岩溶页岩气靶区利用地球物理技术探测对钻探不利的近地表地质结构构造,可有效规避钻井钻遇近地表强岩溶发育带、断层破碎带的风险。综合运用高密度电阻率成像法、音频大地电磁法和测氡法对贵州都匀和广西融安碳酸盐岩区的2个油气靶区进行了地下构造识别,结果表明：高密度电阻率成像法和音频大地电磁法能有效确定浅地表地下低阻构造的位置、宽度和产状,高密度电阻率成像法在50 m以浅深度拥有更高的分辨率,音频大地电磁法探测深度更深,但对地下介质的分辨率不高,氡气测量能很好地识别地下低阻构造的属性。高密度电阻率成像法、音频大地电磁法与测氡法三者可优势互补,组成有效识别岩溶区近地表地质结构构造的技术方法体系,可为南方岩溶区页岩气钻井避开近地表强岩溶发育带、断层破碎带以及最终位置的确定提供可靠的技术支撑。     

甘肃武山地区地下流体化学与构造应力关系初探

结合水氧、应力观测资料对甘肃武山地区地下流体化学特征（水化学、气体化学）与构造应力关系进行了定量计算并给出了二者之间的数学关系。     

Seismo-meteo-electromagnetic phenomena observed during a 5-year interval around the 2011 Tohoku earthquake

The purpose of the paper is to try to find ULF electromagnetic precursors to the 2011 Tohoku earthquake (EQ), on the basis of extensive investigation of radiations in vertical component of the magnetic field or with a large ratio of the vertical to full horizontal component. Nighttime records have been analyzed of three Japanese fluxgate magnetometers located in a distance from 300 to 1300 km from the epicenter of the main shock, and the frequency range from 10 to 150 mHz was used for the analysis. We have applied wavelet analyses to improve the detection of pulsed signals. All obtained scalograms have been averaged over the nighttime interval from 01 h to 05 h JST and flattened by means of multiplication by square of frequency. The sequence of spectra thus obtained has been compared with the evolution of seismicity, which has resulted in that the radiation in the vertical component has been detected. It exhibits seasonal variations with winter maxima, but it increases further by approaching the moment of the EQ and decreases after that. This radiation seems to be correlated with atmospheric parameters – air humidity, temperature, vapor pressure and rainfall. So, we consider that this radiation cannot be caused by subsurface sources, but its possible sources can be atmospheric discharges. The evolution of this phenomenon can be explained by a seasonal variation of atmospheric parameters and also its variations under the influence of injection of gas from the focal zone of a forthcoming EQ.     

居民住宅和单位用房中氡的来源及有关问题

本文讨论了人类正常生活环境中氡的来源及产生的机制、氡对人体的侵害、以及防氡降氡的某些措施等问题。     

青海省海南台水氡异常特征综合研究

分别从震前预测与震后总结2种方式对青海省海南台水氡异常特征与地震的关系进行了系统的分析,并研究了异常过程、异常幅度与震级和震中距、震源机制等的关系,对水氡异常预报地震进行了预报效能的R值评分。研究结果认为,海南水氡异常对地震的预报效能评分为0 4,表明水氡异常与地震活动有关;但是,异常幅度与震级、震中距关系不明显;震源机制不同,异常与地震的对应率也不同。研究结果还表明,海南台水氡对祁连山中东段及青海省河南县地区的地震反映不敏感。     

Comparative analysis of continuous radon sensors in underground environments

Four different continuous radon (²²²Rn)-detection systems have been compared in underground environments, namely three subhorizontal tunnels excavated for groundwater exploitation. Within observational uncertainties, all sensors detected the same concentrations of radon in the air of the tunnels, regardless of the methodology used to measure this radioactive gas. In this sense, the choice of continuous long-term radon monitoring sensors in underground tunnels is constrained by factors such as robustness of the instrumentation, power supply and cost, rather than the sensitivity of the detection methodology. This is particularly important for the monitoring of radon in the context of seismo-volcanic surveillance, where the harsh environmental conditions of the monitoring sites and the absence of electrical power supply are key factors to take into account.     

Radioelement (U,Th, Rn) concentrations in Norwegian bedrock groundwaters

Twenty-eight samples of groundwater from bedrock boreholes in three distinct Norwegian geological provinces have been taken and analyzed for content of Rn, U, and Th, together with a wide variety of minor and major species. Median values of 290 Bq/1, 7.6 g/1, and 0.02 g/1 were obtained for Rn, U, and Th respectively, while maximum values were 8500 Bq/1, 170 g/1, and 2.2 g/1. Commonly suggested drinking water limits range from 8 to 1000 Bq/1 for radon and 14 to 160 g/1 for uranium. Radioelement content was closely related to lithology, the lowest concentrations being derived from the largely Caledonian rocks of the Trøndelag area, and the highest from the Precambrian Iddefjord Granite of southeast Norway (11 boreholes) where median values of 2500 Bq/1, 15 g/1 and 0.38 g/1, respectively, were obtained. The Iddefjord Granite is not believed to be unique in Norway in yielding high dissolved radionuclide contents in groundwaters, and several other granitic aquifers warrant further investigation in this respect.     

关于油气勘查与开采中氡和镭测量的应用问题

本文介绍了放射性同位素氡和镭测量在油气勘查与开采中的某些应用和相应的机理。     

多方向正交多项式变换压制多次波

提出一种基于Radon 变换和正交多项式变换的多方向正交多项式变换压制多次波方法.抛物Radon变换对不同曲率方向的同相轴叠加,根据速度差异区分一次波和多次波,但Radon反变换会损伤振幅特性,不利于AVO分析.多方向正交多项式变换在Radon变换(某一曲率方向的零阶特性)的基础上,利用正交多项式变换进一步分析同相轴的高阶多项式分布特性,用正交多项式谱表征同相轴AVO特性;根据一次波和多次波速度差异和同相轴能量分布特征实现多次波压制.该方法的优点是仅用一个曲率参数就可描述同相轴剩余时差参数,提高了一次波和多次波的剩余时差分辨率.实验结果表明,该方法可以有效压制多次波并保留一次波AVO特性.     

多项式Radon变换

Radon变换是数据处理中广泛应用的一种方法技术.本文介绍了次数为“2”的多项式Radon变换.讨论了多项式正反Radon变换的公式、实现方法和有关计算参数的选择.通过理论模型试算，对多项式、线性、抛物线三种Radon变换进行了比较.对实际资料进行了多项式Radon变换处理，给出了消除地震反射记录中线性干扰的算例.