Stochastic simulation of spatially correlated geo-processes

In this study, developments in the theory of stochastic simulation are discussed. The unifying element is the notion of Radon projection in Euclidean spaces. This notion provides a natural way of reconstructing the real process from a corresponding process observable on a reduced dimensionality space, where analysis is theoretically easier and computationally tractable. Within this framework, the concept of space transformation is defined and several of its properties, which are of significant importance within the context of spatially correlated processes, are explored. The turning bands operator is shown to follow from this. This strengthens considerably the theoretical background of the geostatistical method of simulation, and some new results are obtained in both the space and frequency domains. The inverse problem is solved generally and the applicability of the method is extended to anisotropic as well as integrated processes. Some ill-posed problems of the inverse operator are discussed. Effects of the measurement error and impulses at origin are examined. Important features of the simulated process as described by geomechanical laws, the morphology of the deposit, etc., may be incorporated in the analysis. The simulation may become a model-dependent procedure and this, in turn, may provide numerical solutions to spatial-temporal geologic models. Because the spatial simlation may be technically reduced to unidimensional simulations, various techniques of generating one-dimensional realizations are reviewed. To link theory and practice, an example is computed in detail.     

Radon soil–gas as a geological mapping tool: case study from basement complex of Nigeria

In an effort to quantify the geogenic radon soil–gas potential and appraise the use of radon technique as a geological mapping tool in a crystalline basement rock terrain of Ile–Ife Nigeria, radon measurement concentration were made using a radon detector instrument (EDA RD-200) that measures radon isotopes by a scintillator cell coupled to a photomultiplier tube. The data were collected from soils derived from three different lithologic rock units. The observed values were then correlated with the geology of the area. Significant differences in the radon soil–gas concentrations among the three geologic units were observed. Granite gneiss has the highest concentration, followed by grey gneiss and mica schist in that order. The geometric mean (GM) concentration of radon-222 measured in soils directly overlying the three different rock types were 301.4 pCi/l for granite gneiss, 202.8 pCi/l for the grey gneiss, and 199.4 pCi/l for mica schist. Conversely, the average values for radon-220 averaged 1510.0, 815.4, and 733.0 pCi/l for granite gneiss, grey gneiss, and mica schist rocks, respectively. Statistical t test (α=0.05) results indicated that there was no significant difference in the geometric mean of radon soil–gas measured between low and medium potential zones. However, significant differences were found between the low and high radon potential zones, and between the medium and high zones. The low concentrations of radon soil–gas emission observed in this study is explained in terms of the seasonal variation due to thermal convection fluid movement, while the radon concentrations were found to be controlled by the lithology and geochemistry of the underlying bedrock.     

Diurnal and seasonal variations of radioactivity and electrical conductivity near the surface for a continental location Mysore, India

Simultaneous measurements of the activity concentrations of radon and its progeny, and conductivity of both polarities i.e., positive and negative conductivities, were made at a height of 1 m above the ground at Mysore (12°N, 76°E, 767 m above mean sea level), India. Diurnal and seasonal variations of activities of radon and its progeny show their peak values in the early morning hours throughout the year. Observations show an increase in the concentration of radon and its progeny during nighttime compared to the daytime values, and are higher in winter than in other seasons. The electrical conductivity of the atmosphere that depends on the ionization rate also exhibits similar trends. These results are discussed in terms of ionization rate due to radioactivity and the influence of meteorological parameters on radioactivity. The results also show that the concentrations of radon, its progeny, and the electrical conductivity of both polarities exhibit a positive correlation with the relative humidity and are negatively correlated with the temperature of the atmosphere.     

氡气勘查地球化学技术的研究与应用--干扰因素的影响与消除办法及其存在问题

氡气测量技术在油、气勘查上取得一定应用效果的同时,其方法不可避免地也会受到干扰因素的影响,进而给氡气异常推断解释上带来一些困惑.查明这些干扰因素,并提出消除办法,对确立氡气测量方法的找油、气效果具有重要意义.阐述了我国南方湿热气候条件下某些干扰因素的表现特征以及对氡气测量在数据采集的重现性、周期性有关的质量问题和对氡气异常推断解释上存在问题的认识.笔者认为,尽管氡气测量方法存在着这些问题,但是,氡气测量在应用于推断并预测油-水和气-水边界上具有独特的指示作用.     

Helium, radon and radiocarbon studies on a regional aquifer system of the North Gujarat-Cambay region, India

The study reports the age evolution of groundwater as it flows from the recharge area through a regional alluvial aquifer system in North Gujarat-Cambay region in western India. Radiocarbon (¹⁴C), ⁴He and ⁴He / ²²²Rn dating methods have been employed. Sediments from a drill core in the Cambay Basin were also analysed for uranium (U) and thorium (Th) concentrations and the measured values have been used to estimate the ⁴He and ²²²Rn production rate for groundwater age calculations. Additionally, factors controlling the distribution of ²²²Rn, ⁴He and temperature anomalies in groundwater, vis-à-vis their relation to the tectonic framework and lithology of the study area, have also been examined.The multi-isotope study indicated a reasonable correspondence in groundwater age estimates by the three methods employed. The groundwater ¹⁴C ages increased, progressively, in the groundwater flow direction: from the foothills of Aravalli Mountains in the east, and reached a value of ∼35 ka towards the region of lowest elevation, linking Little Rann of Kachchh (LRK)-Nalsarovar (NS)-Gulf of Khambhat (GK) in the western part of the study area. In this region, groundwater ages obtained for free flowing thermal wells and springs employing ⁴He and ⁴He / ²²²Rn systematics are in the order of million years. Such anomalous ages are possibly due to enhanced mobilisation and migration of ‘excess helium’ from hydrothermal circulation vents along deep-seated faults. Excluding such anomalous cases and considering all uncertainties, presently estimated ⁴He and ⁴He / ²²²Rn groundwater ages are in reasonable agreement with ¹⁴C age estimates in the Cambay Basin for helium release factor (Λ_He) value of 0.4 ± 0.3. The ⁴He method also indicated west-southwards progression of groundwater ages up to ∼100 ka beyond the Cambay Basin.Large ‘excess helium’ concentrations are also seen to be generally associated with anomalous groundwater temperatures (> 35 °C) and found to overlie some of the basement faults in the study area, particularly along the east and the west flanks of the Cambay Basin. Groundwater ²²²Rn activities in most of the study area are 800 ± 400 dpm/l. But, a thermal spring at Tuwa on the east flank of the Cambay Basin, having granitic basement at shallow depth, recorded the highest ²²²Rn activity (∼63,000 dpm/l).     

对比抛物Radon正变换几种矩阵求解方法

抛物Radon变换法(Parabolic Radon Transform)在地震资料处理中有广泛的应用。PRT可对不同频率的地震数据解耦处理,这一特点使得抛物Radon变换的计算效率比双曲Radon变换有数量级上的提高。在频率域求解时,需要对每一个频率成份求解同样大小的线性方程组。求解抛物Radon正变换的计算方法主要有Levinson递推法、共轭梯度法、Cholesky分解法和直接矩阵求逆法。最小平方抛物Radon正变换所形成的矩阵具有Toeplitz结构,可采用Levinson递推法进行计算。高分辨率抛物Radon正变换所形成矩阵的Toeplitz结构被破坏,一般采用共轭梯度法或Cholesky分解法进行求解。这里详细推导了复Toeplitz矩阵的Levinson递推算法,并分别对求解方程的四种方法进行了讨论,最后给出抛物Radon正变换求解的数值算例,并对所给出的四种方程求解方法的计算效率及计算精度进行了对比。     

关于北京市平原区测氡定位隐伏活动断裂的探讨

本文结合氧气化学特性,对北京市隐伏活动断裂进行了测试,并选取了典型氧浓度异常剖面进行了解译分析,初步探讨了氧气与隐伏活动断裂的关系。     

基于Radon域阈值迭代的同时震源波场分离

由于同时震源数据包含串扰很难直接成像,因此需要对混叠的炮记录进行分离,为了将混叠的波场进行分离,笔者建立了基于稀疏域反演的阈值迭代模型,将混合采集数据的共检波点道集转换到Radon域进行稀疏表示,利用阈值算子进行约束,通过迭代反演得到分离结果。实验算例表明通过较少的迭代即可获得信噪比较高的分离结果,验证了反演方法的有效性,并且该算法对随机噪声有很强的压制效果。     

山西夏县中心地震台断层逸出气氡、溶解水氡测值干扰因素分析

山西夏县中心震台断层逸出气氡及溶解水氡分别观测中条山山前断裂土壤逸出气氡及热水井的水中溶解氡值。观测灵敏度高、信息量大,但易受其他因素的干扰。通过对观测值进行分析,发现,夏县台断层逸出气氡测值与气温呈正相关,与气压呈负相关;气温、气压对夏县台热水井溶解水氡测值几乎没有影响,但受水位的影响较明显。