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31.
在多年工作的基础上,介绍了水氡仪器的标定方法,分析了水氡仪器常见故障的原因及判别、排除方法等,指出所介绍的方法可供仪器标定人员工作时参考。 相似文献
32.
使用40个地下流体观测点的资料,对1990年4月26日青海省共和MS7.0地震的前兆动态特征进行了系统研究.结果表明:(1)地震带内观测点的水氡趋势异常及水化、水位群体异常及频次异常与断层平均形变速率呈同步变化.地下流体群体异常频次的累加值曲线在地震前表现为指数加速变化图形.(2)震源外围240km范围内的水氡中短期趋势上升异常,表现为由震源逐渐向外围扩散的特点.在短临阶段各测点水氡的异常变化基本同步.(3)流体短临前兆出现明显的起伏加剧和层次现象,突出的表现是流量、断层气日变化在临震阶段出现3次加剧,且异常幅度一次高于一次. 相似文献
33.
The authors conducted a Rn222 survey in wells of the Larderello geothermal field (Italy) and observed considerable variations in concentrations. Simple models show that flow-rate plays an important part in the Rn222 content of each well, as it directly affects the fluid transit time in the reservoirs. Rn222 has been sampled from two wells of the Serrazzano area during flow-rate drawdown tests. The apparent volume of the steam reservoir of each of these two wells has been estimated from the Rn222 concentration versus flow-rate curves.List of symbols
Q
Flow-rate (kg h–1)
-
Decay constant of Rn222 (=7.553×10–3 h–1)
-
Porosity of the reservoir (volume of fluid/volume of rock)
- 1
Density of the fluid in the reservoir (kg m–3)
- 2
Density of the rock in the reservoir (kg m–3)
-
M
Stationary mass of fluid filling the reservoir (kg).
-
E
Emanating power of the rock in the reservoir (nCi kg
rock
–1
h–1).
-
P
Production rate of Rn222 in the reservoir: number of atoms of Rn222 (divided by 1.764×107) transferred by the rock to the mass unit of fluid per unit time (nCi kg
fluid
–1
h–1).
-
N
Specific concentration of Rn222 in the fluid (nCi kg–1)
-
Characteristic time of the steam reservoir at maximum flow-rate (=M/Q) 相似文献
34.
35.
A 3-year study of indoor radon in more than 1000 homes in northern Virginia and southern Maryland was conducted using 3-month
exposure alpha-track monitors. In a study set of 200 homes, first-floor indoor radon concentrations, which most closely approximates
home exposure levels, averaged slightly more than 3 pCi/l. In a study set of 100 homes, sub-slab ventilation was used to reduce
indoor radon concentrations. Interest in remediation was related to public perception of the hazardous nature of radon; people
living in homes with indoor radon measurements of more than 4 pCi/l were more likely to participate in the remediation phase
of the project. Sub-slab ventilation was successful in more than 90% of the homes in reducing indoor radon from concentrations
as high as 30 pCi/ to less than 4 pCi/l, at least for the entire year of post-remediation radon measurements.
Received: 29 February 1996 · Accepted: 29 May 1996 相似文献
36.
In radon mineral curative waters, according to Russian mineral water classification, the radon concentration should be greater than 185 Bq/l. There are about 30 mineral waters with high levels of radon in Russia. Radon-rich waters have high therapeutic effects. It is proven that natural background radiation stimulates the human immune system. Radon is a natural radioactive gas that has no taste, smell or color. Radon-222 is one of the heaviest elements in the zero groups of inert gases. It is a gaseous radioactive element. All radon isotopes are -emitters while the transformation of its decay products is accompanied by the emitting of -or -particles. The main products of radon decay are short-lived isotopes Po, Pb, Bi, and TL. Belonging to the uranium and thorium decay chain, radon isotopes form directly during the decay of radium isotopes. Therefore the radon concentration depends upon the concentration of its parent's isotope in water and rocks washed by it as well as upon the amount of radon emanation. Loose rocks or rocks with a great number of cracks are characterized by higher radon concentration (zones of tectonic disturbance, weathering crusts, etc.).Crystalline rocks usually have higher uranium concentrations than the average bedrock. Examples of rock types, which often have enhanced uranium concentration >5% ppm U includes the following: granites, syenites, pegmatite, acid volcanic rocks and acid gneisses. In the earth's crust radon migrates either in a gaseous or dissolved state. It can go to the surface without any chemical reaction. Formation of the radon-rich therapeutics waters of Russia has been analyzed, and most of them are genetically connected to crystalline acid rocks that have exceeded uranium-radium mineralization. The radon content in Russia reaches more than 8,000 Bq/l. Radon-rich waters of this type occur in the Altai, Karelia, St Petersburg and Trans-Baikal regions. Another type is connected to geodynamic activity of regions and secondary radioactivity. A well-known example of radon-rich waters of the second type is Pyatigorsk in the North Caucasus. Mixing confined carbon dioxide-hydrogen sulfide water and unconfined groundwater forms radon waters. The radon concentration is 1,170–2,430 Bq/l. The occurrence of radon-rich water deposits in other regions of Russia is described. Further investigation of the radon content in other geological environments will contribute to the environmental safety as well as to the solution to many genetic, hydrogeochronological, paleoreconstructive and prediction problems in hydrogeology. 相似文献
37.
David S. Vinson Avner Vengosh Daniella Hirschfeld Gary S. Dwyer 《Chemical Geology》2009,260(3-4):159-171
Naturally-occurring radionuclides (uranium, radium, and radon), major dissolved constituents, and trace elements were investigated in fresh groundwater in 117 wells in fractured crystalline rocks from the Piedmont region (North Carolina, USA). Chemical variations show a general transition between two water types: (1) slightly acidic (pH 5.0–6.0), oxic, low-total dissolved solids (TDS) waters, and (2) near neutral, oxic to anoxic, higher-TDS waters. The uranium, radium, and radon levels in groundwater associated with granite (Rolesville Granite) are systematically higher than other rock types (gneiss, metasedimentary, and metavolcanic rocks). Water chemistry plays a secondary role on radium and radon distributions as the 222Rn/226Ra activity ratio is correlated with redox-sensitive solutes such as dissolved oxygen and Mn concentrations, as well as overall dissolved solids content including major divalent cations and Ba. Since 224Ra/228Ra activity ratios in groundwater are close to 1, we suggest that mobilization of Ra and Rn is controlled by alpha recoil processes from parent nuclides on fracture surfaces, ruling out Ra sources from mineral dissolution or significant long-distance Ra transport. Alpha recoil is balanced by Ra adsorption that is influenced by redox conditions and/or ion concentrations, resulting in an approximately one order of magnitude decrease (~ 20,000 to ~ 2000) in the apparent Ra distribution coefficient between oxygen-saturated and anoxic conditions and also across the range of dissolved ion concentrations (up to ~ 7 mM). Thus, the U and Th content of rocks is the primary control on observed Ra and Rn activities in groundwater in fractured crystalline rocks, and in addition, linked dissolved solids concentrations and redox conditions impart a secondary control. 相似文献
38.
39.
Predicting New Hampshire indoor radon concentrations from geologic information and other covariates 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0
Generalized geologic province information and data on house construction were used to predict indoor radon concentrations
in New Hampshire (NH). A mixed-effects regression model was used to predict the geometric mean (GM) short-term radon concentrations
in 259 NH towns. Bayesian methods were used to avoid over-fitting and to minimize the effects of small sample variation within
towns. Data from a random survey of short-term radon measurements, individual residence building characteristics, along with
geologic unit information, and average surface radium concentration by town, were variables used in the model. Predicted town
GM short-term indoor radon concentrations for detached houses with usable basements range from 34 Bq/m3 (1 pCi/l) to 558 Bq/m3 (15 pCi/l), with uncertainties of about 30%. A geologic province consisting of glacial deposits and marine sediments was
associated with significantly elevated radon levels, after adjustment for radium concentration and building type. Validation
and interpretation of results are discussed.
Received: 20 October 1997 · Accepted: 18 May 1998 相似文献
40.