Radon emanation from giant landslides of Koefels (Tyrol,Austria) and Langtang Himal (Nepal)

The identification of extremely high indoor radon concentrations in the village Umhausen (Tyrol, Austria) initiated a scientific program to get information about the source and distribution of this noble gas. The high concentrations can not be related to U anomalies or large-scale fault zones. The nearby giant landslide of Koefels, with its highly fractured and crushed orthogneisses, are the only possible source of radon, despite the fact that the U and Ra content of the rocks is by no means exceptional. The reasons for the high emanation rates from the landslide are discussed and compared to results gained from a similar examination of the giant landslide of Langtang Himal (Nepal). The exceptional geologic situation in both cases, as well as the spatial distribution of different concentration levels, indicate that both landslides must be considered as the production sites of radon. Independent of the U and Ra contents of the rocks, the most important factors producing high emanation rates are the production of a high active surface area and circulation pathways for Rn-enriched soil air by brittle deformation due to the impact of the landslidemass.     

介质中氡运移的模拟

氡的运移是一个复杂的过程，前人作了许多模型实验，探讨氡的运移问题，作者在前人工作基础上设计了一氡运移模型，并用氡运移的扩散、对流理论检验实验结果，证明近地表岩石、土壤和空气中氡的运移，可用扩散与对流理论描述。     

Radon emanometry in soil gases and activity in ashes from El Chichon Volcano

Radon (²²²Em) emanation measurements in soil gases are reported in connection with the 1982 eruptions of El Chichón Volcano.²²²Em detection is performed with LR-115 cellulose nitrate track detectors. Results show a general decreasing pattern of²²²Em concentration in soil with time after the eruptions. Activity measurements of radon daughters in ashes show that a large amount of²²²Em and²²⁰Em was released from magma degassing during the eruptions, and that only a fraction of the degassed magma was erupted. An important fluid interaction between the magma chamber and the surrounding sedimentary rock is also suggested.     

Radon variations at arrowhead and murrieta springs: Continuous and discrete measurements

Two continuous radon monitors (CRMs) have been deployed at Arrowhead Hot Springs along the San Andreas fault near San Bernardino and at Murrieta Hot Springs along the Elsinore fault. The recorded hourly and daily radon variations during 1983 are within ±5% of the mean values. The radon levels increased, however, by about 10–20% above their normal baseline levels in midyear. Several small-magnitude earthquakes (M=3.0–3.5) occurred within 20 km of the Arrowhead site near the end of the period of the radon increase.Discrete radon and helium monitoring at Arrowhead Springs since 1974 has recorded one definite precursory anomaly: a shapr increase of radon and helium (and also other dissolved gases) in 1979 by as much as 60% above their baseline levels. This anomaly was followed by the nearby Big Bear earthquake swarm (main shock,M=4.8) 45 days later. A similar increase was recorded during the first half of 1983, and it was followed by several small earthquakes (M=3.0–3.5) within 20 km of the Arrowhead site. In both cases radon and helium increased proportionally, indicating mixing between the deep-source water and the surface water at variable proportions.Comparison of radon values in gas and in liquid phases indicates that radon is not in equilibrium between the two phases but is distributed preferentially in the gas phase by a factor of 20 to 25. (Only about 5% or less of groundwater radon is in the dissolved phase.) At both sites the dissolved radon is much lower than that expected from solubility.     

Variations of radon content in groundwaters and possible correlation with seismic activities in northern Taiwan

Radon (²²²Rn) concentration in geothermal waters and CO₂-rich cold springwaters collected weekly in duplicate samples from four stations in northern Taiwan were measured from July 1980 to December 1983. Seven spike-like radon anomalies (increases of 2 to 3 times the standard deviation above the mean) were observed at three stations. Following every anomaly except one, an earthquake ofM _L above 4.6 occurred within 4 to 51 days, at an epicentral distance 14 to 45 km, and at a focal depth of less than 10 km. The distribution of the earthquakes preceded by radon anomalies is skewed in certain directions from the radon stations; the radon stations seem to be insensitive to earthquakes occurring in the other directions. At the fourth station, near a volcanic area, much gas (mainly CO₂) is discharged from the well, together with hot water. A very high concentration of radon was detected in the discharged gas; therefore trapping of gas in the water can result in anomalously high radon contents. According to limited measurements, the radon concentration in water appears to be undersaturated with respect to that in gas. This suggests that hot water is very susceptible to radon loss, and monitoring of radon in gas is more desirable.     

地下探杯中氡的积累规律

根据氡的迁移机制(如扩散、对流、大气抽吸等),采用理论计算的方法,得出埋入地下的探杯中的氡浓度与杯口邻近土壤空气中的氡浓度达到自然状态平衡约需0.7—10小时,而杯中氡浓度与其短寿衰变子体达到放射性平衡需4小时。因此,一般认为两者共需4.5—12小时左右。钍射气与其短寿命子体达到放射性平衡的时间需3—4天。当钍含量高出背景值时,探杯的照射时间则需3—4天。用ZnS探杯埋入地下做了野外试验,与上述理论计算结果基本相符。对这种平衡过程的了解,不仅为选取最佳的埋杯时间提供了理论依据,而且也有助于各种测氡方法的异常解释。     

The application of least squares analysis for the estimation of low atmospheric concentrations of short-lived radon daughters and studies on their disequilibrium

The application of the weighted and unweighted least-squares method to the analysis of the individual concentrations of short-lived radon daughters in the open atmosphere, where, unlike in the mines the levels are low, is discussed. The method can be optimized to give minimum counting errors by proper choice of collection times and counting periods. By analysing a large number of samples it is shown that the least squares method gives better accuracy than the simultaneous equations method generally in use. The calculation can be simplified by using the unweighted least-squares analysis without significant loss in accuracy. The levels of RaA, RaB and RaC in surface air at Bombay during the period January-June 1975, calculated using the least-square method, are presented. The activity ratios of RaC/RaB are shown to have an average value around 0.6–0.9 even at 18 m height. The RaB/RaA activity ratios however show a much larger scatter than the RaC/RaB values. The possible reasons for these differences are discussed. The application of the least-squares method to the analysis of Th-B and Th-C is also described.     

便携式常压空气脉冲电离室 α辐射仪的研制

本文介绍了一种新的、多用途便携式α辐射仪,其探测器是常压空气脉冲电离室,仪器既可作常规射气测量,又可开展累积法测氡（α杯法,α卡法等）,还能在野外现场作活性炭α测量,并有效地解决了探测器上放射性污染的去污处理问题.探测器灵敏面积500 cm²,灵敏度高.数据采集及处理系统由PC-1500袖珍计算机构成,功能强.     

一类广义Radon变换的反演算法:GSIRT法

对一类广义Radon变换的反演问题,从平均值思想出发,研究用GSlRT法做图像重建。数值模拟结果反映了图像的分布趋势。     

一类曲线图象重建卷积反投影算法

本文给出了一类平面曲线 s=4(x,y)·coxθ+B(x,y)·sinθ上的 Radon 变换卷积反投影算法,并进行了数值模拟,其重建结果与真实数据相吻合,其中 A(x,y)和 B(x,y)满足一定条件.