RESTORATION OF THE ORIGINAL TOPOGRAPHY OF THE XIAONANHAI LANDSLIDE IN CHONGQING AND CALCULATION OF ITS VOLUME

As documented in history, an M6¼ earthquake occurred between Qianjiang, Chongqing and Xianfeng, Hubei(also named the Daluba event)in 1856. This earthquake caused serious geological hazards, including a lot of landslides at Xiaonanhai, Wangdahai, Zhangshangjie and other places. Among them, the Xiaonanhai landslide is a gigantic one, which buried a village and blocked the river, creating a quake lake that has been preserved to this day. As the Xiaonanhai landslide is a historical earthquake-induced landslide, it is impossible to obtain the remote sensing image and DEM data before the earthquake, which brings certain difficulties to the estimation of landslide volume and the establishment of numerical simulation model. In this paper, the original topography before the earthquake is inferred by the methods of geomorphic analogy in adjacent areas and numerical simulation, and the volume of the Xiaonanhai landslide body is calculated. Firstly, the principle and application of UAV aerial photography are introduced. We employed an unmanned airplane to take pictures of the Xiaonanhai landslide and adjacent areas, yielding high-precision DOM images(digital orthophoto graph)and DEM data which permit generating terrain contours with a 25m interval. We also used the method of intensive manual depth measurement in waters to obtain the DEM data of bottom topography of Xiaonanhai quake lake. Based on field investigations, and combining terrain contours and DOM images, we described the sizes and forms of each slump mass in detail. Secondly, considering that the internal and external dynamic geological processes of shaping landforms in the same place are basically the same, the landforms such as ridges and valleys are also basically similar. Therefore, combining with the surrounding topography and landform of the Xiaonanhai area, we used MATLAB software to reconstruct two possible original landform models before the landslide. The original topography presented by model A is a relatively gentle slope, with a slope of 40°~50°, and the original topography presented by model B is a very high and steep slope, with a slope of 70°~80°. Thirdly, Geostudio software is used to conduct numerical simulation analysis on the slope stability. The safety factor of slope stability and the scale of landslide are analyzed under the conditions of static stability, seismic dynamic response and seismic dynamic response considering topographic amplification effect. The results show that large landslide is more likely to occur in model B, which is more consistent with the reality. In order to verify the credibility of recovered DEM data of valley bottom topography, we visited the government of Qianjiang District, collected the drilling data of 11 boreholes in two survey lines of Xiaonanhai weir dam. It is verified that the recovered valley bottom elevation is basically consistent with that revealed by the borehole data. Finally, according to the two kinds of topographic data before and after the landslide, the volume of the landslide is calculated by using the filling and excavation analysis function of ArcGIS software. There is a gap between the calculation results of filling and excavation, the filling data is 3×10⁶m³ larger than the excavation data. The reasons are mainly as follows: 1)Due to the disorderly accumulation of collapse blocks, the porosity of the accumulation body became larger, causing the volume of the fill to expand; 2)It has been more than 150a since the Xiaonanhai earthquake, and the landslide accumulation has been seriously reconstructed, therefore, there are some errors in the filling data; 3)The accumulation body in Xiaonanhai quake lake might be subject to erosion and siltation, this may affect the accuracy of the filling data. In conclusion, it is considered that the calculated results of the excavation are relatively reliable, with a volume of 4.3×10⁷m³.     

地震活动显著增强指标算法研究

根据华北地区1970年以来地震目录和历史地震文献资料，对地震活动显著增强异常指标进行归纳、总结和实验，对照《中国震例（1966-2012）》中中国东部地区发生的1975年2月4日辽宁海城7.4级、1976年7月28日河北唐山7.8级等典型地震进行震例回溯检验，明确该项指标的计算规则，设计计算机自动化程序，在短时间内对指定区域进行地震活动显著增强异常指标的扫描计算，为开展测震学异常判定及预测指标提取等工作提供参考依据。     

层状热储地热井权益保护半径计算探讨

为保证地热资源的可持续开采,防止地热尾水回灌时发生热突破现象,文章系统整理了地热井权益保护半径的计算方法。通过理论推导,发现开采井权益保护半径的计算方法有3个不足之处: (1)公式中参数f定义为水比热与热储岩石比热的比值,存在缺陷; (2)热储回收率取值0.15,较为片面,不能代表不同岩性热储回收率的取值; (3)计算时间固定为36 500 d,较为片面,不适用于地热井间歇开采期。针对上述问题,该文重新给定了参数f的定义,并将热储回收率和开采时间以变量符号替代,可根据不同热储层和具体开采时间加以确定。通过研究不同回灌井权益保护半径计算方法的适用条件,提出应根据(β^-1-α)与3λ的大小关系选择不同的计算公式。对开采井和回灌井权益保护半径计算公式进行对比,发现开采井权益保护半径恒大于回灌井权益保护半径,并以德城区水文家园开采系统和回灌系统为例进行计算,验证了理论推导的结果。     

均质潜水含水层抽、灌水实验测求参数的对比

本文设计了在室内均质潜水含水层抽、灌地下水的实验，对实验准备工作和实验过程进行了规划，使用观测的实验数据分别对水文地质参数进行了对比计算和规律分析。最后对实施人工回灌的具体工作进行了归纳总结。     

某围护结构上土压力实例分析

对某公路大桥超深锚锭基础围护结构上实测的土压力、孔隙水压力分布及其位移变化规律进行了详细分析。围护结构上土压力的实测值远小于计算的主动土压力值,且随开挖加深而不断减少,变化规律也随土层分布的差异而有所不同,围护结构上的侧向位移随开挖加深不断减少,孔隙水压力的变化受坑外水位影响较大。     

FY-1C资料在云顶粒子热力学相态分析中的应用研究

中国发射的FY-1C极轨气象卫星有10个探测通道,包括可见光、近红外和红外波段.在对云顶粒子热力学相态进行数学模拟分析的基础上,利用FY-1C资料对实例进行了分析研究.结果表明FY-1C的通道6(1.58～1.64μm)适于探测云顶粒子的热力学相态.     

A Human Damage Prediction Method for Tsunami Disasters Incorporating Evacuation Activities

This study presents a tsunami human damage prediction method employing numerical calculation and GIS (Geographical Information System) for Usa town, Tosa City, Shikoku Island, Japan. Sometime near the end of the first half of the twenty-first century, a huge earthquake is predicted to occur along the Nankai trough and costal areas facing the Pacific ocean of Shikoku Island. Much damage due to the resultant tsunamis will be caused, therefore, it is necessary to predict the extent of human damage for every town in high-risk areas.The number of tsunami victims was estimated by population in areas of maximum inundation. The number of deaths as a result of tsunami was estimated by a method which employed accumulated death toll of every area in terms of time and space, taking into account consideration of time necessary to begin to seek refuge after an earthquake, tsunami inundation depth on land, flow velocity and evacuation speed. As a result of this study a rapid decrease in death toll by early evacuation was shown quantitatively for the first time.Thus, with the method presented here, it is possible to estimate the extent of tsunami human damage on coastal regions, and may be useful as a tsunami human damage countermeasure.     

固定几何高度上大气密度的计算方法

利用1994－1998年库尔勒站实测各规定等压面和特性层的气象资料，设计了两种不同的计算大气密度的方法，并求出历年从地面至最大拔海高度范围内，每隔500m各固定高度上的大气密度。对比分析表明，两种方法的计算结果非常接近。     

某城市独立坐标系与1954北京坐标系转换方案

由于历史的原因，城市独立坐标系建立时没有严格按照国家规范的要求进行，这就使得它与国家坐标系的转换包含了线性变换和换带计算两个内容。文中以湖南某城市独立坐标系的转换为例，详细讨论了解决方案。     

用曲线积分法计算洪水流量的分析

用曲线积分代替算术平均法来计算洪水流量演算中的时段平均流量,减少了时段△t对流量值的影响,使计算流量更接近实测值.