北秦岭西部榴闪岩的发现与变质作用过程:锆石年代学和Hf-O同位素制约

秦岭造山带是由多期俯冲-碰撞造山和随后多阶段隆升成山形成的复合型造山带。近年来一个突破性进展是在北秦岭东部即陕西-河南交界地区以及桐柏地区的秦岭群高级变质岩中发现存在大量退变榴辉岩和高压麻粒岩,其中部分退变榴辉岩锆石包裹体中出现柯石英。这些发现证明北秦岭东部和桐柏地区的确在480~500Ma发生过深俯冲作用,随后造山带抬升形成退变榴辉岩。那么,北秦岭西部是否存在类似的(深)俯冲作用?本文首次在北秦岭西部宝鸡眉县地区发现了榴闪岩。该榴闪岩主要由石榴石和角闪石组成,含少量石英、透辉石和绿帘石。石榴石变斑晶都具有明显由退变质扩散作用形成的环带结构,绿帘石变斑晶具有与榴辉岩中绿帘石大致相同的XFe、CaO和Al2O3含量。同时,石榴石变斑晶核部还含有Amp+Cpx+Qtz包裹体,该包裹体矿物组合暗示其退变前可能是榴辉岩,而榴闪岩是在流体活动过程中退变质作用形成的。榴闪岩中锆石的离子探针SIMS定年获得很好的U-Pb谐和年龄(443.9±1.1Ma)和206Pb/238U的加权平均年龄(443.2±2.5Ma)。锆石的低Th和U含量和非常高Th/U比值(0.47~1.66)说明其并非是在"干"体系下形成的进变质锆石,应该是在流体强烈活动下形成的或是进变质锆石被退变质过程完全重置。因此,443Ma应该是榴闪岩的形成年龄即记录退变质作用发生的时间。这些锆石具有亏损的Hf同位素和类似地幔的氧同位素组成。因遭受退变质作用的强烈影响,其εHf(t)值和δ18O值有较宽的分布范围(εHf(t)=2.4~14.7;δ18O=4.25‰~6.39‰),其亏损地幔模式年龄为0.48~0.95Ga。所以,锆石的Hf-O同位素特征指示榴闪岩的原岩主要来自新元古代时期的亏损地幔来源的玄武质岩石。结合北秦岭东部地区榴辉岩发生退变质作用时代间隔可以大致判断北秦岭西部的榴闪岩的峰期变质时代可能为470~480Ma。由此发现,北秦岭东西部早古生代俯冲-碰撞事件时限上存在差异,即北秦岭早古生代俯冲-碰撞作用沿商南-宝鸡一线可能是自东向西发生的。     

Devonian alkaline magmatism in South Qinling,China: evidence from the Taohekou Formation,Northern Daba Mountain

The Langao area in South Qinling consists of a poorly dated sequence of volcano-sedimentary units (Taohekou Formation). This study focuses on volcanic edifice of Taohekou Formation. Detailed field mapping, section facies analysis, geochemistry, and Ar–Ar geochronology is presented here to develop a more accurate understanding of the tectonic evolution of the Qinling Orogen. Detailed field mapping and section facies analysis reveals the presence of a seamount volcanic edifice in western Xiaozhen area. Ar–Ar dating of alkaline basalts in the sequence indicates an Early Devonian magmatic age. Whole rock geochemistry of these alkaline basalts indicates that both potassic and sodic basalts were erupted respectively in the eastern and western areas. Both types of samples are typically characterized by high concentrations of TiO₂, Nb, Ta, and Zr. Ocean-island basalt (OIB)-like rare earth element distribution patterns, trace element spider diagrams, and similar Sr and Nd isotopic compositions (i.e. relatively low Sr and moderate Nd isotopic ratios) likely indicate that the samples were comagmatic but have experienced varying degrees of fractional crystallization. In addition, the samples appear to have all originated from the asthenospheric mantle and undergone mantle metasomatism, ultimately resulting in an OIB-type provenance. Most importantly, in combination with its regional tectonic evolution, the Taohekou Formation is constrained to a seamount environment. This formation does not represent a plume but, rather, an extensional fracture zone related to subduction. Thus, this geologic interpretation generates pivotal evidence for accurately investigating the properties and temporal constraints of the Mianlue oceanic basin.     

Isotope and fluid inclusion geochemistry of the Cangyuan Pb-Zn-Ag polymetallic deposit in Yunnan,SW China

The Cangyuan Pb-Zn-Ag polymetallic deposit is located in the Baoshan Block, southern Sanjiang Orogen. The orebodies are hosted in low-grade metamorphic rocks and skarn in contact with Cenozoic granitic rocks. Studies on fluid inclusions (FIs) of the deposit indicate that the ore-forming fluids are CO₂-bearing, NaCl-H₂O. The initial fluids evolved from high temperatures (462–498 °C) and high salinities (54.5–58.4 wt% NaCl equiv) during the skarn stage into mesothermal (260–397 °C) and low salinities (1.2–9.5 wt% NaCl equiv) during the sulfide stage. The oxygen and hydrogen isotopic compositions (δ¹⁸O_H2O: 2.7–8.8‰; δD: −82 to −120‰) suggest that the ore-forming fluids are mixture of magmatic fluids and meteoric water. Sulfur isotopic compositions of the sulfides yield δ³⁴S values of −2.3 to 3.2‰; lead isotopic compositions of ore sulfides are similar to those of granitic rocks, indicating that the sulfur and ore-metals are derived from the granitic magma. We propose that the Cangyuan Pb-Zn-Ag deposit formed from magmatic hydrothermal fluids. These Cenozoic deposits situated in the west of Lanping-Changdu Basin share many similarities with the Cangyuan in isotopic compositions, including the Laochang, Lanuoma and Jinman deposits. This reveals that the Cenozoic granites could have contributed to Pb-Zn-Cu mineralization in the Sanjiang region despite the abundance of Cenozoic Pb-Zn deposits in the region, such as the Jingding Pb-Zn deposit, that is thought to be of basin brine origin.     

川西里伍式铜矿床成矿物质来源：电气石元素地球化学及硼同位素制约

川西江浪穹隆在大地构造上位于松潘-甘孜造山带东南缘。环穹窿腰部分布着一系列产状、矿床特征相似的铜多金属矿床——里伍式铜矿床,包括里伍、中咀、笋叶林、柏香林、挖金钩、黑牛洞等矿床。这些矿床的矿体主要呈似层状产出于中元古代里伍群中,其成因模式目前尚不明确。本研究选择里伍和黑牛洞铜矿中的含矿石英-电气石脉作为重点研究对象,对其中的代表性电气石单矿物进行了电子探针分析及LA-MC-ICPMS原位硼同位素测试,据此制约矿床的成矿物质来源。背散射及显微图像特征揭示两矿床的含矿电气石具有单一的流体来源;电子探针分析结果表明这些电气石在类型上均属镁电气石;硼同位素测试结果显示两矿床的电气石δ11 B值分别为-15.47‰±0.83‰~-13.06‰±0.77‰(n=10)及-13.19‰±0.57‰~-5.91‰±0.67‰(n=16),与花岗岩的δ11B值区间非常一致,表明这两个矿床属(区内燕山期)岩浆期后热液矿床。通过对比研究,本文进一步提出在松潘-甘孜造山带内很可能存在一条NE-SW向的铜多金属成矿带,即松潘-甘孜铜多金属构造成矿带。本次研究不仅可以丰富层状型矿床成矿理论,而且对指导该造山带中其他穹窿体的找矿具有较为重要的实际意义。     

Geology,geochronology, geochemistry and ore genesis of the Wangu gold deposit in northeastern Hunan Province,Jiangnan Orogen,South China

The Wangu gold deposit in northeastern Hunan, South China, is one of many structurally controlled gold deposits in the Jiangnan Orogen. The host rocks (slates of the Lengjiaxi Group) are of Neoproterozoic age, but the area is characterized by a number of Late Jurassic–Cretaceous granites and NE-trending faults. The timing of mineralization, tectonic setting and ore genesis of this deposit and many similar deposits in the Jiangnan Orogen are not well understood. The orebodies in the Wangu deposit include quartz veins and altered slates and breccias, and are controlled by WNW-trending faults. The principal ore minerals are arsenopyrite and pyrite, and the major gangue minerals are quartz and calcite. Alteration is developed around the auriferous veins, including silicification, pyritic, arsenopyritic and carbonate alterations. Field work and thin section observations indicate that the hydrothermal processes related to the Wangu gold mineralization can be divided into five stages: 1) quartz, 2) scheelite–quartz, 3) arsenopyrite–pyrite–quartz, 4) poly-sulfides–quartz, and, 5) quartz–calcite. The Lianyunshan S-type granite, which is in an emplacement contact with the NE-trending Changsha-Pingjiang fracture zone, has a zircon LA-ICPMS U–Pb age of 142 ± 2 Ma. The Dayan gold occurrence in the Changsha-Pingjiang fracture zone, which shares similar mineral assemblages with the Wangu deposit, is crosscut by a silicified rock that contains muscovite with a ca. 130 Ma ⁴⁰Ar–³⁹Ar age. The gold mineralization age of the Wangu deposit is thus confined between 142 Ma and 130 Ma. This age of mineralization suggests that the deposit was formed simultaneously with or subsequently to the development of NE-trending extensional faults, the emplacement of Late Jurassic–Cretaceous granites and the formation of Cretaceous basins filled with red-bed clastic rocks in northeastern Hunan, which forms part of the Basin and Range-like province in South China. EMPA analysis shows that the average As content in arsenopyrite is 28.7 atom %, and the mineralization temperature of the arsenopyrite–pyrite–quartz stage is estimated to be 245 ± 20 °C from arsenopyrite thermometry. The high but variable Au/As molar ratios (>0.02) of pyrite suggest that there are nanoparticles of native Au in the sulfides. An integration of S–Pb–H–O–He–Ar isotope systematics suggests that the ore fluids are mainly metamorphic fluids originated from host rocks, possibly driven by hydraulic potential gradient created by reactivation of the WNW-trending faults initially formed in Paleozoic, with possible involvement of magmatic and mantle components channeled through regional fault networks. The Wangu gold deposit shares many geological and geochemical similarities as well as differences with typical orogenic, epithermal and Carlin-type gold deposits, and may be better classified as an “intracontinental reactivation” type as proposed for many other gold deposits in the Jiangnan Orogen.     

Episodic gold mineralisation correlated with discrete structural events at Ballarat East,southeast Australia

New ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar geochronological data suggest orogenic gold mineralisation at the Ballarat East deposit, southeast Australia, occurred in three main episodes at ca. 445–435 Ma, ca. 420–415 Ma and ca. 380–370 Ma. The gold mineralisation is localised in muscovite-bearing quartz and quartz-carbonate veins hosted in the steep faults (70–90°), on limbs of tight and isoclinal folds in an Ordovician turbidite sequence, and within west-dipping (≤45°) faults, historically known as leather jacket lodes. Initiation of the ≤45° faults that are confined to fold culminations, begins at ca. 445 Ma, with peak metamorphic conditions at 440 Ma. The earliest vein sets (V₁), were emplaced on limb thrusts at ca. 445–435 Ma and are characterised by arsenopyrite-dominated quartz veins. These V₁ veins parallel arsenopyrite-rich shale units, historically referred to as ‘indicator beds’. Both the steep and ≤45° faults were reactivated during fold amplification with deposition of the V₂ auriferous veins at ca. 420–415 Ma. A later set of auriferous veins (V₃–V₄) with ages of 380–370 Ma, dominated by pyrite-sphalerite-galena-white-mica quartz-(V₃) or carbonate-rich (V₄) veins are predominantly associated with reactivation of the ≤45° west-dipping faults. This new geochronological data constrains the local kinematic history of the Ballarat East deposit and has regional implications. The V₁–V₂ vein development appears to be synchronous across the entire western section of the Lachlan Orogen, where previous studies have suggested that initial gold mineralisation was linked to orogenesis at ∼440 Ma, as a result of metamorphic devolatilisation reactions in the lower crust. In contrast, a close spatial and temporal relationship exists between the felsic dykes and the mineralisation recognised in the V₃–V₄ veins. The deformation that accompanies V₃–V₄ vein development is attributed to small, localised events during east-west shortening, utilising pre-existing fold and fault structures. The origin of the fluids producing the V₃–V₄ veins may be metamorphic devolatilisation associated with widespread felsic magmatism that occurred at this time across central Victoria.     

西昆仑造山带东段阿拉玛斯岩体Pb-Hf同位素组成特征、岩石成因及源区特征

后碰撞阶段花岗质岩浆的源区多较为复杂,需要从多方面开展同位素的研究来加以识别,阿拉玛斯花岗质岩体位于西昆仑造山带东段。先前的研究表明阿拉玛斯岩体是后碰撞阶段下地壳部分熔融。为进一步研究阿拉玛斯花岗岩类的源区特征,本文对阿拉玛斯花岗岩类进一步进行Pb-Hf同位素的测定。结果显示:阿拉玛斯岩体具低的锆石εHf(t)值为-9.5~-3.2(平均值为-5.6),二阶段模式年龄为1633~2028 Ma,反映了岩浆来源于较老的下地壳部分熔融。阿拉玛斯岩体的206Pb/204Pb范围为18.382~19.333,平均值为18.784,207Pb/204Pb范围为15.589~15.642,平均值为15.614,208Pb/204Pb范围为38.585~39.080,平均值为38.800,μ值范围为9.45~9.48,平均值为9.46,ω值的范围33.80~38.14,平均值为36.16。在岩体源区判别图解上,样品主要落在上地壳的范围内,反映了阿拉玛斯岩体源区具有高Pb的同位素特征,说明岩浆源区有少量高Pb物质(沉积物)的混入,从而说明后碰撞阶段形成岩体的物质来源具有多样性。     

石英C轴组构指示北大别造山后伸展期中-下地壳流变形式

造山带中-下地壳韧性流变形式反映深部岩石圈构造活动形式,是造山带深部岩石圈运动学及动力学研究的重要内容。前人对板块俯冲阶段造山带中-下地壳流动开展了较为深入的研究,但对造山后伸展期中-下地壳流变形式及其深部动力学认识不足。本次工作对北大别造山后伸展期中-下地壳岩石开展了详尽的构造观察和石英C轴组构分析,研究造山后伸展期中-下地壳流变形式。本次研究表明,中-下地壳流变带内岩石变形从边界区域的简单剪切变形为主导逐渐转变为在核部区域以纯剪切变形为主。流变带内部岩石变形特征表明北大别中-下地壳流变带的流变形式是介于活动边界条件下的透入性剪切流动和固定边界条件下韧性垮塌流动的过渡形式。这一流变形式可能是深俯冲太平洋板块的绕屈回撤和加厚造山带地壳活化韧性垮塌叠加的结果。     

河南南召盆地上三叠统碎屑岩地球化学特征及物源示踪

三叠纪是秦岭造山带全面碰撞造山的关键时期,随着扬子、秦岭和华北板块分别沿勉略、商丹缝合带的汇聚拼合, 秦岭造山带逐渐形成并从板块构造体制向陆内造山体制转化,同时强烈的造山作用控制着周缘盆地的形成与演化。文章通 过研究区的碎屑岩元素地球化学分析,对河南南召盆地上三叠统的物源区及构造背景特征进行探讨。结果表明,上三叠统 源岩成分主要为上地壳长英质火山岩;源岩经历了中等的化学风化强度,校正后CIA值指示其形成于温暖潮湿的气候和相 对较强的构造活动环境;太山庙组源区构造背景主要为大陆岛弧与活动大陆边缘,太子山组源区构造背景主要为大陆岛弧 与被动大陆边缘。根据南召盆地近源沉积特征和秦岭造山带构造演化过程推断,秦岭造山带和华北南缘是南召盆地晚三叠 世的重要物源区,前期太山庙组物源主要由北秦岭隆升基底提供,后期太子山组物源可能来自南秦岭、北秦岭和华北南缘 沉积再循环。南召盆地上三叠统物源区的转变是晚三叠世秦岭造山带逆冲推覆作用逐渐增强的体现,对研究恢复秦岭构造 带造山隆升过程和周缘盆地盆山系统演化具有重要的意义。     

Geochemical Characteristics and LA-ICP-MS Zircon U-Pb Dating of Amphibolites in the Songshugou Ophiolite in the Eastern Qinling

Geochemical studies on the arnphibolites in the Songshugou ophiolite from Shangnan County, Shaanxi Province demonstrate that the protolith of the amphibolites is tholeiitic. The arnphibolites can be classified into two groups according to their REE patterns and trace element features. Rocks of the first group are depleted in LREE while rocks of the second group are slightly depleted in LREE or flat from LREE to HREE without significant Eu anomaly. The first group of rocks have (La/Yb)N=0.33-0.55, (La/Sm)N= 0.45-0.65, and their La/Nb, Ce/Zr, Zr/Nb, Zr/Y and Ti/Y ratios are averaged at 1.20, 0.12, 31.02, 2.92 and 198, respectively, close to those of typical N-MORB. The second group of rocks have (La/Yb)N=0.63-0.95, (La/ Sm)N = 0.69--0.90, and their average La/Nb, Ce/Zr, Zr/Nb, Zr/Y and Ti/Y ratios are 0.82, 0.83, 1.15, 0.16, 19.00, 2.58 and 225, respectively, which lie between those of typical N-MORB and E-MORB but closer to the former. The two groups of rocks both exhibit flat patterns from Th to Yb in th