青藏高原春季积雪异常对亚洲季风降水影响的数值试验

该文利用一个移植和改进的ＣＯＬＡＡＧＣＭ谱模式，进行了青藏高原春季积雪异常对亚洲夏季风环流和降水影响的数值试验。试验结果指出：高原地区３月份积雪增多，亚洲地区６，７月的夏季风环流明显减弱，降水减少。     

用全球定位系统（GPS）监测青藏高原地壳形变

通过对拉萨、日喀则地区两条基线的观测结果分析，得到了拉萨地块近南北向地壳形变率为（７．０±２．３）ｍｍ／ａ及近东西向（７．４±２．３）ｍｍ／ａ的形变速率，与震源机制解的结论十分接近。同时监测到相对于拉萨南北向７．３ｃｍ和东西向４．１ｃｍ的震后形变位移，显示出ＧＰＳ在地震监测及与地震相关的地壳形变研究的广阔前景     

Source process of the 1990 Gonghe,China, earthquake and tectonic stress field in the northeastern Qinghai-Xizang (Tibetan) plateau

TheM _s =6.9 Gonghe, China, earthquake of April 26, 1990 is the largest earthquake to have been documented historically as well as recorded instrumentally in the northeastern Qinghai-Xizang (Tibetan) plateau. The source process of this earthquake and the tectonic stress field in the northeastern Qinghai-Xizang plateau are investigated using geodetic and seismic data. The leveling data are used to invert the focal mechanism, the shape of the slipped region and the slip distribution on the fault plane. It is obtained through inversion of the leveling data that this earthquake was caused by a mainly reverse dip-slipping buried fault with strike 102°, dip 46° to SSW, rake 86° and a seismic moment of 9,4×10¹⁸ Nm. The stress drop, strain and energy released for this earthquake are estimated to be 4.9 MPa, 7.4×10^–5 and 7.0×10¹⁴ J, respectively. The slip distributes in a region slightly deep from NWW to SEE, with two nuclei, i.e., knots with highly concentrated slip, located in a shallower depth in the NWW and a deeper depth in the SEE, respectively.Broadband body waves data recorded by the China Digital Seismograph Network (CDSN) for the Gonghe earthquake are used to retrieve the source process of the earthquakes. It is found through moment-tensor inversion that theM _s =6.9 main shock is a complex rupture process dominated by shear faulting with scalar seismic moment of the best double-couple of 9.4×10¹⁸ Nm, which is identical to the seismic moment determined from leveling data. The moment rate tensor functions reveal that this earthquake consists of three consecutive events. The first event, with a scalar seismic moment of 4.7×10¹⁸ Nm, occurred between 0–12 s, and has a focal mechanism similar to that inverted from leveling data. The second event, with a smaller seismic moment of 2.1×10¹⁸ Nm, occurred between 12–31 s, and has a variable focal mechanism. The third event, with a sealar seismic moment of 2.5×10¹⁸ Nm, occurred between 31–41 s, and has a focal mechanism similar to that inverted from leveling data. The strike of the 1990 Gonghe earthquake, and the significantly reverse dip-slip with minor left-lateral strike-slip motion suggest that the pressure axis of the tectonic stress field in the northeastern Qinghai-Xizang plateau is close to horizontal and oriented NNE to SSW, consistent with the relative collision motion between the Indian and Eurasian plates. The predominant thrust mechanism and the complexity in the tempo-spatial rupture process of the Gonghe earthquake, as revealed by the geodetic and seismic data, is generally consistent with the overall distribution of isoseismals, aftershock seismicity and the geometry of intersecting faults structure in the Gonghe basin of the northeastern Qinghai-Xizang plateau.Contribution No. 96 B0006 Institute of Geophysics, State Seismological Bureau, Beijing, China.     

青藏高原东部牧区秋季雪灾天气的形成及预报

对青藏高原东部牧区 (196 7─ 1996年 )秋季发生的成灾性降雪天气过程 ,进行了较为详细的分析。探讨了欧亚区域大型天气系统活动对成灾性降雪天气形势的形成所起的作用 ,指出北冰洋低压槽和西太副高分别是秋季降雪天气形成的主导因素和稳定因素。归纳出三种成灾性降雪天气形成的概念模型。指出高原偏西南风低空急流是高原秋季降雪过程的主要天气系统 ,讨论了急流轴附近的非地转风发展对降雪和最低气温所产生的作用。最后提出了雪灾预报思路     

青藏高原大气热量源汇年际变化青藏高原大气热量源汇年际变化

本文使用1961～1995年逐月青藏高原地区大气视热量源汇＜Ql＞资料、1961～1990年青藏高原地区积雪日数和积雪深度资料、美国NCEP／NCAR的再分析资料以及1975～1994年全球OLR资料，讨论了高原大气热状况年际变化及其与大气环流的关系，发现：高原地区大气热源年际变化明显，其中春季和秋季高原地区＜Ql＞的变率最大，并且水平分布很不均匀；当冬季高原冷源弱(或强)时，东亚大槽位置偏东(或西)，对应着东亚强(或弱)的冬季风；夏季高原热源强(或弱)的年份，在高原及其邻近地区的对流层中、低层为偏差气旋环流(或反气旋环流)，在中国长江流域低层为异常的西南风(或东北风)，对应着东亚强(或弱)的夏季风，夏季高原热源强度还与南亚高压的强度和位置有关；春季4月的积雪状况与夏季高原大气热源强度有明显关系；夏季高原热源与同期青藏高原东南部、孟加拉湾、中南半岛、东南亚、中国西南部、长江流域和从黄海到到日本海一带对流有明显正相关     

青藏高原区1：25万区调构造调研的若干问题

文中概述了青藏高原基本构造格局、青藏高原多岛盆系统洋陆转换演化模式。然后，结合1：25万西藏邦多、措麦区幅区调工作中地质构造单元及演化阶段划分，蛇绿浸杂岩野外调查等实际问题进行了初步探讨，并提出建议。     

青藏高原安多岛弧型蛇绿岩地球化学及成因

安多蛇绿岩位于西藏安多县城北侧、班公错-怒江缝合带中段.该蛇绿岩块呈近东西向展布,长约25km,宽约5km,主要由低钾拉斑玄武岩和辉长岩组成.高精度ICP-MS分析结果表明,玄武岩和辉长岩稀土总量较低,均具有亏损型稀土配分型式,∑REE =29×10-6～44×10-6, ∑LREE/∑HREE=0.90～1.06, (La/Yb)N=0.29～0.41, (Ce/Yb)N=0.42～0.60, 表明其源于N-MORB型亏损地幔源区.然而,相对于典型的大洋中脊玄武岩(N-MORB)而言,其Nb和Ta,尤其是Nb含量明显偏低(Nb=0.6×10-6～3.13×10-6, 平均1.19×10-6 ; Ta=0.072×10-6～0.253×10-6, 平均0.105×10-6), 在N-MORB标准化痕量元素配分图上具显著的Nb谷.表明安多玄武岩+辉长岩组合既非典型的洋中脊成因,又与岛弧型火山岩有一定区别,它们很可能形成于边缘海(弧后)盆地环境,由于消减带之上的地幔对流导致新洋壳的产生而形成,是特提斯大洋岩石圈在俯冲过程中引发弧后次级扩张的产物.     

从陕西旬邑上新生界剖面看黄土高原新近系/第四系界线

新近系 /第四系界线在黄土高原大都以磁性 M/ Ga界线为界进行划分 ,它与岩性分界往往并不一致 ,后者都低或高于前者一小段距离。根据旬邑剖面的岩性、孢粉、古动物、磁化率、粒度及地化资料 ,并参考了其他一些剖面的岩性 ,认为以二者之间的过渡层底为界进行划分比较合理     

The property, age and formation environment of the palaeokarst in Qinghai-Xizang Plateau

The karst landforms distributed on the Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet) Plateau can be genetically classed with the Tertiary underground karst, which were gradually exhumed to the surface with the uplift of the plateau during Quaternary period. The relative deposits of the Tertiary palaeokarst processes, such as the residuum and speleothem, were discovered recently in the southern and southeastern fringe areas of the plateau, where has geological-currently been disintegrated by the headward erosion processes of the modern river systems. The major chemical components of the clay portion of the residuum consist mainly of SiO₂, A1₂O₃ and Fe₂O₃. The clay minerals composition of the clay portion belongs to illite-kaolinite pattern for most of the residuum samples, and kaoliniteillite pattern for a few of the samples. It can be judged from the silicic acid index and the clay minerals composition that the formation of the residuum of the Plateau was in its initial phase. However, such a lower chemical weathering index only reflected the weathering degree in the bottom or lower parts of the lateritic weathering crust. The relatively intensive chemical weathering processes of the surface layers of the lateritic weathering crust could be logically speculated. The surface feature textures of quartz grains in the residuum were formed mainly by the chemical erosion, which revealed a long-term humid-tropical environment when the residuum and the palaeokarst formed.     

Land use and landscape pattern change: a linkage to the construction of the Qinghai-Xizang Highway

Based on digital land use data from 1995 to 2000 and road data, the land use and landscape changes of Golmud, Qumaleb and Zhidoi are studied on a macro-scale. Land use and landscape changes in highway buffer zones and city expansion are special subjects. A new formula is used to define the exact degree of dynamic land use. To adequately define land use and landscape pattern changes, the buffer zones, illustrating the changes at different distances from the road, are recognized with ArcGIS 8.1 software. Prominent changes took place in land use and landscape patterns from 1995 to 2000, and the area of built-up land increased by 323.8%. The comprehensive degree of dynamic land use is 2.25, and the degree of dynamic land use of built-up land is the highest, followed by cultivated land. Woodland has the lowest value. The used degree index of land resources declined by 38.8 from 1995 to 2000. Landscape changed dramatically which influenced ecological processes immensely. Different from the corridor effect of other traffic routes, the corridor effect of this section of road is not obvious and its "point" radiation effect can be easily seen. The expanding range of Golmud City is confined to a 3 km buffer, while for Wudaoliang, it is 1 km. No land use change happened in the Nanshankou buffer.