祁连山干旱山地草地生物量对水分条件的响应

以祁连山排露沟流域干旱山地为研究对象,对海拔2 700~3 000 m典型草地群落的草本种类、高度和生物量等进行调查,并同步测定样地内的土壤水分,分析草地生物量随海拔高度的季节性变化特征以及草本生物量和土壤水分的关系。结果表明：（1）草地地上生物量平均值为135.36 g·m^-2,并随海拔升高呈先增加后降低的"单峰"变化模式,在海拔2 900 m时最高,为176.79±28.37 g·m^-2。地下生物量平均值为946.13 g·m^-2,并随海拔升高生物量呈递增趋势,在海拔3 000 m时最高,为1 301.19 ±68.24 g·m^-2。（2）草地地上、地下生物量在不同海拔高度间差异性显著（P<0.05）;该流域干旱山地草地根冠比在4.14~11.95之间变化。（3）在生长季5~9月份,干旱山地草地土壤含水量在9.23%~31.31%之间波动,平均值为14.94%。（4）草本地上、地下生物量与土壤平均含水量均呈显著正相关（P<0.05）,相关性系数分别为0.7784和0.7843。在不同海拔草地群落中,不同土层含水量对草地生物量的贡献不尽相同,但60 cm以上根系主要分布层内的水分对草地生物量具有重要的意义。     

1979-2016年祁连山地区大气水汽含量时空特征及其与降水的关系

采用1979-2016年ECMWF1.5°×1.5°逐月再分析资料及同期37个气象站点的降水资料,利用一元线性回归、累积距平、Kriging及IDW（反距离加权）等方法分析了祁连山地区大气水汽含量时空分布特征、降水转化率空间变化规律以及风场分布规律,并对比分析了中国西部不同地区降水转化率的变化趋势。结果表明：（1）1979-2016年祁连山地区大气水汽含量整体呈增加趋势,且季节变化明显。其中夏季是各层大气水汽含量最多的季节,高达329.24 mm,占多年平均大气水汽含量的48.1%。（2）近38 a来,祁连山地区的大气水汽含量呈东南多、西北少的空间分布,且随海拔的升高而逐渐减少,整层大气水汽主要集中在5 000 m以下。（3）祁连山地区的降水转化率从空间上表现出由东向西递减的趋势,说明该地区空中云水资源的开发潜力自东向西逐渐增强,空中云水资源的开发潜力区域差异明显;季风所携带的水汽对其影响区域的降水贡献率较高,西风所携带的水汽则对其影响区域的降水贡献率较低。（4）中国西部地区降水转化率呈向心式递减的趋势,且区域空间波动较大。     

祁连山东段童子坝河阶地对气候变化与新构造运动的响应*

通过对祁连山东段童子坝河各级阶地的年代和变形程度进行测定,得到了河流阶地的形成年代和过程,推算出民乐—大马营逆断裂的活动强度和速率,并分析了阶地形成和气候变化之间的关系。童子坝河5级阶地(年龄分别为16.70±1.81 cal,ka BP、 10 092.5±27.5 cal a BP、8127.5±72.5 cal a BP、2900±60 cal a BP、282.5±17.5 cal a BP)均形成于气候由冷转暖的阶段,属于气候成因阶地。基于断裂两侧阶地面的平面几何形态并结合上、下盘阶地横剖面同级阶地的高差,得到T4、T3、T2和T1阶地在民乐—大马营断裂处的垂直位错分别为10.6±3.1,m、5.0±2.6 m、2.0±1.9 m和1.9±1.3 m,推算出全新世以来民乐—大马营断裂的垂直滑动速率为1.05±0.31 mm/a,水平缩短速率为1.02±0.60 mm/a。     

祁连山青海云杉林动态监测样地土壤pH和养分的空间异质性

为了探讨青海云杉林对土壤pH和养分的影响,选择祁连山青海云杉林动态监测样地(340 m×300 m)为试验样地采集土样,利用经典统计学和地统计学方法对其空间异质性进行了研究。结果表明:(1)pH、水解氮和全磷为弱变异性,有机碳、全氮、速效磷、全钾和速效钾为中等变异性,它们的大小依次为速效钾 >有机碳 >速效磷 >全氮 >全钾 >水解氮 >全磷 >pH。(2)半方差最优模型拟合分析表明,pH、全氮、水解氮、全磷、速效磷和速效钾均符合球状模型,有机碳和全钾均符合指数模型;pH、有机碳、全氮、水解氮、全磷、速效磷、全钾和速效钾的变程依次为108.8 m、88.5 m、112.8 m、131.9 m、143.3 m、73.3 m、73.3 m和134.7 m。从空间结构特征看,pH具有中等强度的空间自相关,而养分表现出强烈的空间自相关。(3)pH和养分均呈斑块状分布,有机碳和氮素具有相似的空间分布格局,全磷和速效钾分布变化较为明显,速效磷和全钾分布变化较为平缓。上述研究结果可为祁连山青海云杉林土壤pH和养分的取样设计和空间分布图制作等提供参考,也可为青海云杉林的土壤环境恢复与重建提供科学依据。     

Variations of the alpine precipitation from an ice core record of the Laohugou glacier basin during 1960-2006 in western Qilian Mountains,China

The net accumulation record of ice core is one of the most reliable indicators for reconstructing precipitation changes in high mountains. A 20.12 m ice core was drilled in 2006 from the accumulation zone of Laohugou Glacier No.12 in the northeastern Tibetan Plateau, China. We obtained the precipitation from the ice core net accumulation during 1960-2006, and found out the relationship between Laohugou ice core record and other data from surrounding sites of the northeastern Tibetan Plateau. Results showed that during 1960-2006, the precipitation in the high mountains showed firstly an increasing trend, while during 1980 to 2006 it showed an obvious decreasing trend. Reconstructed precipitation change in the Laohugou glacier basin was consistent with the measured data from the nearby weather stations in the lower mountain of Subei, and the correlation coefficient was 0.619 (P<0.001). However, the precipitation in the high mountain was about 3 times more than that of the lower mountain. The precipitation in Laohugou Glacier No.12 of the western Qilian Mountains corresponded well to the net accumulation of Dunde ice core during the same period, tree-ring reconstructed precipitation, the measured data of multiple meteorological stations in the northeastern Tibetan Plateau, and also the changes of adjacent PDSI drought index. Precipitation changes of the Laohugou glacier basin and other sites of the northeastern Tibetan Plateau had significantly positive correlation with ENSO, which implied that the regional alpine precipitation change was very likely to be influenced by ENSO.     

青海木里三露天天然气水合物矿藏土壤微量元素地球化学特征

在祁连山冻土区木里天然气水合物矿区进行了微量元素地球化学勘查有效性试验,试验面积150 km2,采样密度2个点/km²。研究表明,土壤Ba、V、Fe 、Ca等元素在水合物矿藏上方呈现顶部异常,而且异常吻合程度较高。微量元素预测天然气水合物具有较高的成功率,调查前钻探的干井(DK-4、DK-5和DK-6)位于背景区,调查前钻探的水合物井(DK-1、DK-2、DK-3、DK-7)和调查后水合物井(DK3-11、DK2-13、DK1-14)位于异常内。试验结果还预测了祁连山天然气水合物两个新的远景区。试验表明,微量元素是祁连山冻土区寻找天然气水合物的有效指示元素,它们与水合物其它化探指标结合冻土条件和地质特征综合解释,可以提高冻土区天然气水合物预测成功率。     

Regional grain size variations in aeolian sediments along the transition between Tibetan highlands and north‐western Chinese deserts – the influence of geomorphological settings on aeolian transport pathways

Sediment distribution is investigated applying grain size analysis to 279 surface samples from the transitional zone between high mountains (Qilian Shan) and their arid forelands (Hexi Corridor) in north‐western China. Six main sediment types were classified. Medium scale (10³ m) geomorphological setting is carefully considered as it may play an important role concerning sediment supply and availability. A tripartite distribution of sedimentological landscape units along the mountain to foreland transition is evident. Aeolian sediments (e.g. loess and dune sands) are widespread. They are used to identify aeolian transport pathways. The mU/fS‐ratio (5–11 µm/48–70 µm) among primary loess opposes the two grain size fractions being most sensitive to varying accumulation conditions. The first fraction is attributed to long‐distance transport in high suspension clouds whereas the latter represents local transport in saltation mode. The ratio shows strong correlation with elevation (R² = 0.77). Thus, it indicates a relatively higher far‐traveled dust supply in mountainous areas (>3000 m above sea level [a.s.l.]) compared to the foreland. The contribution of westerlies to high mountain loess deposits is considered likely. Hereby, the influence of the geomorphological setting on grain size composition of aeolian sediments becomes apparent: the contribution from distant dust sources is ubiquitous in the study area. However, the far‐distance contribution may be reduced by the availability of fine sand provided in low topography settings. Plain foreland areas support fine sand deflation from supplying river beds, allowing the formation of sandy loess in foreland areas and intramontane basins. In contrast, high mountain topography inhibits strong sand deflation into loess deposits. Eastern parts of the Hexi Corridor show higher aeolian sand occurrence. In contrast, the western parts are dominated by gravel gobi surfaces. This is attributed to higher sand supply in eastern parts provided by the Badain Jaran Desert and fluvial storages as sand sources. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

祁连山中东段地区中小地震震源机制和区域应力场

利用哥伦比亚大学 GCMT 目录给出的祁连山中东段地区中强地震震源机制资料,研究较大区域（34°-41°N,100°-106°E）的应力场;利用该地区布设的中法微震数字监测台网多年监测资料和甘肃数字监测台网资料,使用 P 波和 S 波初动及振幅比联合反演方法,反演中小地震震源机制解和发震应力场。结果表明,地区构造应力大致为北东40°-45°水平向压应力;景泰地区主压应力方向约北东45°,绝大多数地震为走滑型。天祝-古浪地区有相当部分的逆断层地震分布,主压应力方向约60°,P 轴仰角在10°左右优势分布,大致为水平应力场。这与大区域构造应力场和断层实际分布基本一致。     

Geochemistry and genesis of authigenic pyrite from gas hydrate accumulation system in the Qilian Mountain permafrost,Qinghai, northwest China

A type of authigenic pyrites that fully fill or semi-fill the rock fractures of drillholes with gas hydrate anomalies are found in the Qilian Mountain permafrost; this type of pyrite is known as “fracture-filling” pyrite. The occurrence of “fracture-filling” pyrite has a certain similarity with that of the hydrate found in this region, and the pyrite is generally concentrated in the lower part of the hydrate layer or the hydrate anomaly layer. The morphology, trace elements, rare earth elements, and sulfur isotope analyses of samples from drillhole DK-6 indicate that the “fracture-filling” pyrites are dominated by cubic ones mainly aligned in a step-like fashion along the surfaces of rock fractures and are associated with a circular structure, lower Co/Ni and Sr/Ba, lower ΣREE, higher LREE, significant Eu negative anomalies, and Δ³⁴S_CDT positive bias. In terms of the pyrites’ unique crystal morphology and geochemical characteristics and their relationship with the hydrate layers or abnormal layers, they are closely related with the accumulation system of the gas hydrate in the Qilian Mountain permafrost. As climate change is an important factor in affecting the stability of the gas hydrate, formation of fracture-filling pyrites is most likely closely related to the secondary change of the metastable gas hydrate under the regional climate warming. The distribution intensity of these pyrites indicates that when the gas hydrate stability zone (GHSZ) is narrowing, the hydrate decomposition at the bottom of the GHSZ is stronger than that at the top of the GHSZ, whereas the hydrate decomposition within the GHSZ is relatively weak. Thus, the zone between the shallowest and the deepest distribution of the fracture-filling pyrite recorded the largest possible original GHSZ.     

基于相机摄影测量的冰面反照率反演方法研究

雪冰反照率是冰川与积雪能量平衡计算的关键参数,也是观测的难点. 为测量冰面反照率,试验采用相机摄影测量技术,在祁连山十一冰川开展了自动拍摄、并利用共线方程进行冰川正射制图,在此基础上于2012年7月28日-8月18日在冰川表面开展了不同海拔梯度的反照率观测. 通过统计分析晴天与阴天观测反照率与对应点相机拍摄获取的RGB归一化指数之间的关系,对十一冰川进行冰面反照率参数化方法研究. 结果表明：晴天冰面反照率与RGB归一化指数存在明显的指数关系,拟合R²达到0.79;而阴天的统计关系较差,线性拟合R²仅为0.52. 据此尝试利用晴天的拟合公式对整个冰面进行反照率参数化,计算表明：在晴天冰川表面地形阴影区的反照率存在低估现象,而无阴影区的反照率估算结果可信度较高. 利用2013年的反照率观测数据进行了参数化方案的验证,结果表明：观测值与模拟值平均误差仅为0.037,表明利用RGB影像对反照率参数化具有一定的可用性和可靠性.