基于SPOT 5图像的岩溶地貌单元自动提取方法

通过对峰林、峰丛和岩溶洼地3者的地理特征和影像特征的研究,基于遥感图像本底值提出了能有效反映目标特征的遥感指数——植被指数、土壤亮度指数、图像主成分变换第1主成分值及地形数据等,并构建了遥感指数的集成计算法,建立了遥感自动提取模型.指数集成运算法能够有效地增大峰丛、峰林与其他地物之间的光谱差异,使这些岩溶地貌单元的灰度值高于其他地物,从而利于岩溶地貌单元提取阈值的自动选取.基于构建的遥感自动提取模型先提取了峰丛、峰林信息,并在此基础上提取了岩溶洼地信息.经实验研究表明,该方法具有较高的提取精度和效率.     

Comparative Analysis of the Generalized Omega Equation and Generalized Vertical Motion Equation

Research on vertical motion in mesoscale systems is an extraordinarily challenging effort. Allowing for fewer assumptions, a new form of generalized vertical motion equation and a generalized Omega equation are derived in the Cartesian coordinate system(nonhydrostatic equilibrium) and the isobaric coordinate system(hydrostatic equilibrium),respectively. The terms on the right-hand side of the equations, which comprise the Q vector, are composed of three factors:dynamic, thermodynamic, and mass. ...     

抗差估计的初值选择

对L1 范估计的平差值和LS估计的平差值作为抗差估计的初值进行了比较 ,指出在 ρ函数是严凸函数时 ,二者无明显的区别。因为LS估计简单且易于计算 ,因此建议用LS估计的平差值作为抗差估计的初值。     

Evaluation and Improvement of a SVD-Based Empirical Atmospheric Model

An empirical atmospheric model(EAM) based on the singular value decomposition(SVD) method is evaluated using the composite El Ni(?)o/Southern Oscillation(ENSO) patterns of sea surface temperature (SST) and wind anomalies as the target scenario.Two versions of the SVD-based EAM were presented for comparisons.The first version estimates the wind anomalies in response to SST variations based on modes that were calculated from a pair of global wind and SST fields(i.e.,conventional EAM or CEAM).The second version utilizes the same model design but is based on modes that were calculated in a region-wise manner by separating the tropical domain from the remaining extratropical regions(i.e.,region-wise EAM or REAM). Our study shows that,while CEAM has shown successful model performance over some tropical areas, such as the equatorial eastern Pacific(EEP),the western North Pacific(WNP),and the tropical Indian Ocean(TIO),its performance over the North Pacific(NP) seems poor.When REAM is used to estimate the wind anomalies instead of CEAM,a marked improvement over NP readily emerges.Analyses of coupled modes indicate that such an improvement can be attributed to a much stronger coupled variability captured by the first region-wise SVD mode at higher latitudes compared with that captured by the conventional one. The newly proposed way of constructing the EAM(i.e.,REAM) can be very useful in the coupled studies because it gives the model a wider application beyond the commonly accepted tropical domain.     

世界主要国家及地区制造业GVC地位时空格局演化——基于TiVA数据库的研究

在经济全球化和全球产业转移不断深化的背景下,不同国家在国际分工生产中所处的全球价值链（GVC）地位不同。一国能否从参与全球化中获益,日益取决于能否成功融入全球价值链,并在某一特定环节占据竞争优势。明确全球制造业大国的GVC地位,认识其国际分工及影响规律具有重要的理论价值和现实意义。利用TiVA数据库,测算世界59个国家及地区1995—2014年制造业GVC地位指数并分析其演变特征。结果显示：全球价值链地位较高的国家及地区主要分布在美洲、欧洲及东亚,位于中亚、西亚、非洲和大洋洲的国家参与极少,近年来高附加值生产环节呈现不断向少数国家及地区集中的趋势。大部分国家及地区劳动密集型行业地位较高,技术密集型地位指数较低,技术密集型行业的贸易附加值主要被少数掌握核心技术和价值链两端的国家及地区获得。从细分行业上看,核心国家及地区均呈现了分阶段演化的特征。在空间相关关系上,制造业整体和劳动密集型行业GVC地位指数均呈显著的空间集聚分布特征,且集聚程度先降低后升高,资本密集型行业GVC地位指数空间集聚分布最为显著且集聚程度不断增强,而技术密集型行业GVC地位指数空间集聚效应不明显。从空间集聚形式来看,大部分国家及地区GVC地位指数较低,贸易附加值被少数GVC地位较高的国家及地区获得。此外,外商直接投资、资本投入会抑制一国GVC地位的提升,科研创新能力对于一国GVC地位的提升起促进作用,出口规模与一国GVC地位呈明显的正向关系,行政效能对于一国GVC地位无明显影响,但是行政效能会促进外商直接投资对于GVC地位的抑制作用。     

应用GPS数据与重力数据确定大地水准面

作为GPS/重力边值问题理论及方法的应用,在对GPS/重力方法确定(似)大地水准面的原理进行简要介绍与分析的基础上,利用收集到的N区的600个GPS/重力数据和48个高精度GPS水准数据,计算出该区域的(似)大地水准面。通过拟合法和系统差直接改正法进行的精度分析表明,应用GPS/重力数据结合水准方法确定的该地区(似)大地水准面的精度达到厘米级精度。     

The Relationship between Narratives,Wildlife Value Orientations,Attitudes, and Policy Preferences

Overabundance of white-tailed deer is a pervasive problem across the United States. Deer are blamed for increased risk of auto accidents, tick-borne diseases, and overbrowsing of native species. Lethal management techniques, cited as cost-effective and humane, are commonly employed for herd management. However, the approach frequently sparks outrage among various stakeholders who feel killing of animals is unjustified and prefer nonlethal measures. Wildlife managers then face the challenge of communicating with the public to build policy support for lethal management. The Narrative Policy Framework was used to test the effects of differing narratives on public opinion for lethal deer management. Results indicated narratives were influential in shifting attitudes toward and support for a proposed sharpshooting policy even in some cases where respondents were already familiar with the issue and held a previous opinion. This study also supported the utility of the Narrative Policy Framework for examining human dimensions of wildlife issues.     

B模式产品业务应用价值的总结分析

在总结江苏省台近１０年ＭＯＳ预报业务效果的基础上，提示了Ｂ模式产品在省级台天气预报中的应用价值，包括产品对江苏的释用水平．释用经验和如何取得最大业务效益的途径。     

土壤污染地球化学标准及等级划分问题讨论

全国多目标区域地球化学调查发现有害元素广泛分布引起极大关注。土壤污染将长期危及生态系统和人类生存安全。制定土壤污染等级标准十分重要。国家土壤环境保护标准体系中,土壤污染等级标准是针对调查发现的污染进行量度划分,土壤环境质量标准是依据污染对环境影响程度确定临界值,土壤污染评价标准是针对存在问题进行科学研究的指标。土壤污染等级采用统一的分级标准,划分为国家级、流域级、省级和地市级。标准制定是一个由局部到全局的认识,又由全局到局部的决策过程。在多目标区域地球化学调查基础上首先制定土壤污染标准及划分污染等级是笔者的主导思想。     

基于地貌计量指标分析的钱塘江流域地貌演化特征

地貌过程的定量化表达已成为构造地貌学研究中的一种趋势。基于ASTER GDEM数据,运用GIS空间分析技术,本文获得了钱塘江流域87个子流域的地貌参数,包括面积-高程积分（HI）、面积-高程积分曲线（HC）、坡度、流域不对称度（AF）、流域盆地形状指数（Bs）等。进一步结合流域内地层特征与自然地理背景,探讨了钱塘江流域地貌演化阶段以及流域内主要断裂（江山-绍兴断裂、球川-萧山断裂和马金-乌镇断裂）的相对活动性。结果表明：1）HI值在小尺度范围内主要反映岩性差异,在大的空间尺度下则可能主要与构造活动性有关;2）相对于HI指数,AF和Bs更有助于揭示构造活动性的空间差异;3）基于AF、Bs、坡度、HI等的分析,认为江山-绍兴断裂和球川-萧山断裂北段的活动性要弱于南段,而马金-乌镇断裂南、北段构造活动性差异不显著;4）多种地貌计量指标的分析结果（HI=0.217、|AF-50|=4.27、Bs=0.77）均显示钱塘江流域处于地貌演化的老年阶段。