四川黑牛洞铜矿床磁黄铁矿的标型特征及成矿指示意义

黑牛洞铜矿床是近年来国内发现的富铜矿床之一.磁黄铁矿是该矿床中含量最高的金属矿物,且与该矿床最重要的矿石矿物黄铜矿共生.本文试图通过研究磁黄铁矿的矿物学特征,为揭示黑牛洞铜矿床的成因提供重要参考信息.本文运用电子探针、扫描电镜、X射线衍射分析和矿相显微镜观测等方法,对黑牛洞不同产状磁黄铁矿进行了形貌、化学组成和结构分析.研究表明不同矿石类型的磁黄铁矿均为六方晶系,其Fe原子含量的百分比变化范围是42.43%～45.58%.在Fe-S相图中,黑牛洞矿床的磁黄铁矿位于磁黄铁矿和黄铁矿共生相区.据研究,黑牛洞矿床中磁黄铁矿的成分、结构和矿物组合中罕见黄铁矿等信息寓示磁黄铁矿的峰期变质温度高于450℃.该矿床中磁黄铁矿至少有两种成因,即主要从流体中沉淀并受变质的磁黄铁矿和少量由黄铁矿变质脱硫而成的磁黄铁矿.黑牛洞矿床矿体和蚀变围岩中石墨广泛发育表明,变质过程处于强还原环境,而还原环境中S在流体中的溶解度较小且易于沉淀.矿床中黑色电气石的普遍产出表明中高温热液存在.这与磁黄铁矿的标型特征相对应.中高温流体存在、强还原环境和碳质的催化作用等为黄铁矿变质形成磁黄铁矿提供了有利的条件,也为黑牛洞铜矿床铜元素在韧性剪切带形成的有利客矿空间中沉淀、再富集提供了必要的物理化学条件.     

Magnetic fabrics, rock magnetism, cathodoluminescence and petrography of apparently undeformed Bambui carbonates from São Francisco Basin (Minas Gerais State, SE Brazil): An integrated study

Magnetic measurements were performed on apparently undeformed limestones and carbonate shales from 44 sites in nearly horizontal stratigraphic layers mainly from the basal units of the Neoproterozoic Bambui Group in the southern part of the São Francisco Basin. Rock magnetism, cathodoluminescence, transmitted and reflected light microscopy analyses reveal that there is a mix of ferromagnetic minerals, mainly magnetite and pyrrhotite, in most sites. In some sites, however, the ferromagnetic minerals are magnetite and hematite. Fine-grained pyrrhotite and pyrite accompany rare fine-grained graphite and probably amorphous carbon in some of stylolites, while pyrrhotite is also present as larger interstitial masses in coarse-grained domains outside, but close to the stylolites. Magnetic fabrics were determined applying both anisotropy of low-field magnetic susceptibility (AMS) and anisotropy of anhysteretic remanence magnetization (AAR). The AAR tensor was less well defined than the AMS fabric due to the low ferromagnetic mineral content. The analysis at the individual-site scale defines three AMS fabric types. The first type (two sites) shows K_min perpendicular to the bedding plane, while K_max and K_int are scattered within bedding plane itself. This fabric is usually interpreted as primary (sedimentary-compactional), typical of totally undeformed sediments. The second type shows the three well-clustered AMS axes with K_min still perpendicular to the bedding plane. This fabric is the most important since it was found in the majority of the sites. The third type (two sites) is characterized by well-clustered K_max in the bedding plane, while K_min and K_int are distributed along a girdle. The second and third fabric types are interpreted as combinations of sedimentary-compactional and tectonic contributions at the earliest, and at a slightly later stage of deformation, respectively. AMS represents the contribution of all the rock-forming minerals, while AAR isolates the contribution of remanence-bearing minerals from the matrix minerals. However, rock magnetism shown that anhysteretic remanence only reaches grains with coercivity < 100 mT because the maximum AF in the majority of the available instruments is 100 mT. Therefore, hematite and pyrrhotite probably do not contribute to AAR, which is due to the shape-preferred orientation of magnetite grains. For some sites, the AMS and AAR fabric orientations are different, mainly with respect to the lineation orientations (K_max and A_max, respectively). In general, K_max is well developed and follows the trend of the main regional thrusts, fold axes and faults generated in the first deformational phase, while A_max follows both this trend and that of structural lineaments formed during the second deformational phase. These deformation phases arose from the compression, which occurred during the evolution of the Brasília fold belt during the last stages of the Brasiliano event. The magnetic fabrics of the apparently undeformed Bambui limestones are typical of very weakly deformed sediments, in which the depositional-compaction fabric has been partly overprinted by a tectonic one, with minimum susceptibility direction remaining perpendicular to bedding. This result is in agreement with the textures given by the petrographic observations.     

扬子地块奥陶系碳酸盐岩重磁化机制探讨

碳酸盐岩是记录古地磁场信息的重要载体,然而,广泛存在的重磁化现象制约了碳酸盐岩在古地磁研究中的应用,其重磁化机制亟待解决.本文对采自贵州羊蹬地区的319块奥陶系碳酸盐岩定向样品作了详细的古地磁学和岩石磁学研究,其结果表明,94%样品(A类)记录了单一剩磁分量A,其解阻温度低于450℃;在地理坐标系下的平均方向为Dg/Ig=3.1°/48.1°(α₉₅=2.9°),对应的古地磁极(87.0°N,2.8°E,A₉₅=3.0°)与扬子地块古近纪-第四纪的古地磁极重合.6%样品(B类)记录了两个磁化分量,其高温分量(450℃~585℃)与A分量显著不同,但明显远离扬子块体早古生代古地磁极;低温分量(< 450℃)与A分量类似.说明羊蹬剖面奥陶系碳酸盐岩记录了两期重磁化.A分量和B低温分量的主要载磁矿物为磁黄铁矿(胶黄铁矿),B高温分量的主要载磁矿物为磁铁矿.这些磁性矿物都是成岩后的次生矿物.其中,解阻温度高于450℃的磁铁矿可能受晚燕山期造山运动影响生成;磁黄铁矿(胶黄铁矿)等矿物可能与印度板块与欧亚大陆碰撞引起的喜马拉雅造山运动所产生的流体作用有关,以后一期重磁化为主.新生代早期青藏高原隆升产生的流体在流经东南缘的碳酸盐岩等沉积岩层时,与原岩发生相互作用,使磁黄铁矿、胶黄铁矿、磁铁矿等磁性矿物生长并获得化学剩磁,造成了广泛重磁化.     

云南羊拉铜矿床磁黄铁矿标型矿物学特征及成矿意义

羊拉铜矿床是三江成矿带中段重要的大型铜矿床之一,其矿床成因一直没有明确界定。里农矿段是羊拉铜矿床最主要的组成部分,该矿段矿石中黄铜矿、磁黄铁矿和黄铁矿发育,其中,磁黄铁矿矿石是矿床中含量最高的硫化物矿石。本文选取里农矿段的磁黄铁矿矿石样品,利用矿相学、电子探针和X射线衍射对磁黄铁矿形态、成分和结构标型特征进行分析,探讨其形成环境和沉淀机制,为揭示矿床成因提供有效约束。研究结果表明:羊拉铜矿床矿体具有典型的矽卡岩型矿床特征,多呈层状、似层状产出,且与花岗闪长岩岩体关系密切,受花岗闪长岩岩体和大理岩、变质石英砂岩等地层以及断裂构造的共同控制;磁黄铁矿矿石呈铁黑色、古铜色、铜褐色,块状和浸染状构造;镜下为黄白色、黄褐色,无内反射色,非均质性不明显,他形-半自形粒状结构。局部可见磁黄铁矿被石英±黄铜矿±黄铁矿±方解石脉切断,也见闪锌矿中有乳滴状、叶片状黄铜矿发育。磁黄铁矿中Fe元素含量为59.25%~60.25%,平均为59.71%,S元素为39.10%~39.97%,平均39.52%,化学分子式为Fe6S7~Fe8S9;晶胞参数平均值为a0=11.912,b0=6.859,c0=12.813,磁黄铁矿的粉晶X射线衍射曲线呈强度大致相等的双峰,表明羊拉铜矿床的磁黄铁矿以单斜磁黄铁矿为主。据此判断该区成矿作用过程中富硫、并经历快速降温变化,非均匀应力作用使六方磁黄铁矿转化成了单斜磁黄铁矿;磁黄铁矿中的硫是以S2-的形式存在,在六方磁黄铁矿向单斜磁黄铁矿的转化过程中,磁黄铁矿晶格中的Fe离子略有减少,Fe1-xS的电负性稍有增加,还原性增强;在Fe-S相图中,磁黄铁矿位于单斜磁黄铁矿和黄铁矿共生相区,表明成矿温度在250℃左右。即羊拉铜矿床的磁黄铁矿主体是形成于富硫、非均匀应力、中温的还原环境。该区磁黄铁矿富Co贫Ni,Co/Ni值范围较大,分布于矽卡岩型铜矿床范围附近,与典型矽卡岩型铜矿有相似的矿床地质和矿物学特征,表明羊拉铜矿床属于矽卡岩型矿床。据此综合羊拉铜矿床的构造背景和地球化学特征,推断了其可能的成矿作用过程:晚三叠世早期,该区由挤压环境逐步转换为伸展环境,使得之前的一些逆断层叠加张性特点。含矿岩浆沿这些断裂裂隙上侵,与低温围岩(主要为里农组大理岩)接触并有大气降水的加入,使得岩浆及成矿热液快速降温。冷凝的岩浆和热液堵塞了围岩的裂隙,原本开放的环境逐渐变得封闭、高压和还原。后续岩浆在此封闭的环境中降低了冷凝速度,而在还原性条件下,流体中铜元素的溶解度比在氧化性流体中低,更有益于铜元素的沉淀成矿,从而形成羊拉铜矿。     

Record of deformation by secondary magnetic remanences and magnetic anisotropy in the Nar/Phu valley (central Himalaya)

Secondary magnetic remanences residing in pyrrhotite and anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) were studied in low-grade metamorphic carbonates of the Tethyan Himalaya in Nar/Phu valley (central Nepal) and used for interpretation of tectonic deformations. The characteristic remanence (ChRM) is likely of thermomagnetic origin related to post-peak metamorphic cooling occurring after the Eohimalayan phase (35–32 Ma). The ChRM postdates small-scale folding (main Himalayan folding F1 and F2) as shown by a negative fold test of site mean directions at 99% confidence level, and has been probably acquired between 32 and 25 Ma. Late-orogenic long-wavelength folding associated with the Chako antiform (CA) is recorded by the spatial dispersion of ChRM directions and the distribution of the main axes of the AMS tensor. The mean tilting of the ChRM direction since remanence acquisition (≈20–30°) approximately coincides with the tilting of the CA (31°) at the study area indicating that the pyrrhotite remanence predates the CA (CA formed at <18 Ma according to preliminary U/Pb dating). However, comparison of tilt angles of remanence directions and AMS tensor axes suggests that remanence acquisition was not completed before the onset of the CA formation. This could imply a younger age (Early Miocene or even younger) of the ChRM. Using the distribution of remanence directions along a small-circle as well as the distribution of AMS tensor axes, a clockwise mean rotation of 16° is obtained for a remanence age of ≈30 Ma. An Early Miocene remanence age would not change this result substantially. Compilation of rotations in the Tethyan Himalaya deduced from secondary pyrrhotite remanences reveals an increasing clockwise rotation from the Hidden valley in the W to the Shiar valley in the E (≈150 km distance), incompatible with an oroclinal bending model.     

Experimental evaluation of magnetic interaction in pyrrhotite bearing samples

Pyrrhotite bearing metamorphic limestones have recently experienced an increasing relevance in paleomagnetic research. Simple univectorial remanences document the metamorphic uplift, whereas more complex multicomponent pTRMs may constrain its age. For a successful application of the latter, it is important to estimate the degree of magnetic interactions to ensure the additivity of individual pTRM segments. We therefore have subjected the sized dispersed suite (<5-250 μm) of TTE pyrrhotite to FORC analysis and compared the result with remanence-based parameters like the ΔM or the irreversible susceptibility. This is used as a basis to evaluate the response of marly limestone samples from regionally metamorphic areas (Bourg d’Oisans, France) and contact-metamorphic aureoles (Elba, Italy; Skye, Scottland; Manaslu area, Nepal) to these techniques. The results show that the techniques are able to estimate the nature and - to a certain degree - the intensity of the magnetic interaction. The different dominant magnetic states of the assemblage can also be unravelled as well. Based on the remanence measurements of the TTE samples, a relationship between grain-size and the irreversible susceptibility is established in order to estimate the mean grain-size fraction in natural particle distribution.     

中国大陆科学钻探主孔中磷灰石的磁黄铁矿出溶结构

在中国大陆科学钻探主孔中部的榴辉岩样品B1021R642P40a、B1039R646P47a、B1046R648P4c和B1053R649P74k中,我们发现了磷灰石的磁黄铁矿出溶结构。磷灰石是该榴辉岩的主要副矿物,其自形程度较高,与石榴石共生。样品中几乎所有磷灰石均发育出溶结构,至少存在两组相互垂直的出溶棒。出溶棒形状规则,一样宽(<1μm),但长度变化大(5～50μm)。利用高分辨能谱仪测定表明,出溶棒主要由Fe和S两种元素组成。由于还不能准确地确定其Fe/S比值,初步确定其为磁黄铁矿(Fe_(1-x)S)。磷灰石由于含大量稀土元素和挥发性组分如OH、F、Cl和S,它的深循环因此可能对地球的水、硫以及其它挥发性组分的全球平衡具有重要影响。     

Seasonal variations in the composition of mine drainage-contaminated groundwater in Dalarna, Sweden

Groundwater down-gradient from a mine rock dump in Dalarna, Sweden was sampled from the onset of snowmelt runoff (April) until October in order to investigate seasonal variations in groundwater composition. The results demonstrate that considerable variation in solute concentration (Al, Cu, Fe, SO₄²⁻, Zn) and acidity occurs in groundwater; the greatest change in solute concentrations occurs during the melting of the snow cover, when sulfide oxidation products are flushed from the rock dump. During this period, groundwater flow is concentrated near the soil surface with an estimated velocity of 1 m/day. Groundwater acidity varied by a factor of four closest to the rock dump during the sampling period, but these variations were attenuated with distance from the rock dump. Over a distance of 145 m, groundwater pH increases from 2.5 to 4.0 and acidity decreases from 3–13 to 0.8–1.1 meq/L, which is the combined effect of ferric iron precipitation and aluminosilicate weathering. As a result of flushing from the upper soil horizons, peaks in total organic carbon and ammonium concentrations in groundwater are observed at the end of snowmelt. In soils impacted by acidic surface runoff, the sequential extraction of C horizon soils indicates the accumulation of Cu in well-crystallized iron oxyhydroxides in the upper C horizon, while Cu, Fe, Ni and Zn accumulate in a well-crystallized iron oxyhydroxide hardpan that has formed 2.5m below the ground surface. Surface complexation modeling demonstrates that SO₄²⁻ and Cu adsorb to the abundant iron oxyhydroxides at pH < 4, while Zn adsorption in this pH range is minimal.     

Draa Sfar, Morocco: A Visean (331 Ma) pyrrhotite-rich, polymetallic volcanogenic massive sulphide deposit in a Hercynian sediment-dominant terrane

Draa Sfar is a Visean, stratabound, volcanogenic massive sulphide ore deposit hosted by a Hercynian carbonaceous, black shale-rich succession of the Jebilet terrane, Morocco. The ore deposit contains 10 Mt grading 5.3 wt.% Zn, 2 wt.% Pb, and 0.3 wt.% Cu within two main massive sulphides orebodies, Tazakourt (Zn-rich) and Sidi M'Barek (Zn–Cu rich). Pyrrhotite is by far the dominant sulphide (70 to 95% of total sulphides), sphalerite is fairly abundant, chalcopyrite and galena are accessory, pyrite, arsenopyrite and bismuth minerals are rare. Pyrrhotite is monoclinic and mineralogical criteria indicate that it is of primary origin and not formed during metamorphism. Its composition is very homogeneous, close to Fe₇S₈, and its absolute magnetic susceptibility is 2.10^− 3 SI/g. Ar–Ar dating of hydrothermal sericites from a coherent rhyolite flow or dome within the immediate deposit footwall indicates an age of 331.7 ± 7.9 Ma for the Draa Sfar deposit and rhyolite volcanism.The Draa Sfar deposit has undergone a low-grade regional metamorphic event that caused pervasive recrystallization, followed by a ductile–brittle deformation event that has locally imparted a mylonitic texture to the sulphides and, in part, is responsible for the elongated and sheet-like morphology of the sulphide orebodies. Lead isotope data fall into two compositional end-members. The least radiogenic end-member, (²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb = 18.28), is characteristic of the Tazakourt orebody, whereas the more radiogenic end-member (²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb  18.80) is associated with the Sidi M'Barek orebody, giving a mixing trend between the two end-members. Lead isotope compositions at Draa Sfar testify to a significant continental crust source for the base metals, but are different than those of the Hajar and South Iberian Pyrite Belt VMS deposits.The abundance of pyrrhotite versus pyrite in the orebodies is attributed to low fO₂ conditions and neither a high temperature nor a low aH₂S (below 10^− 3) is required. The highly anoxic conditions required to stabilize pyrrhotite over pyrite are consistent with formation of the deposit within a restricted, sediment-starved, anoxic basin characterized by the deposition of carbonaceous, pelagic sediments along the flank of a rhyolitic flow-dome complex that was buried by pelitic sediments. Deposition of sulphides likely occurred at and below the seafloor within anoxic and carbonaceous muds.Draa Sfar and other Moroccan volcanogenic massive sulphide deposits occur in an epicontinental volcanic domain within the outer zone of the Hercynian belt and formed within a sedimentary environment that has a high pelagic component. In spite of the diachronous emplacement between the IPB deposits (late Devonian to Visean) and Moroccan deposits (Dinantian), all were formed around 340 ± 10 Ma following a major phase of the Devonian compression.