基于多模式集合方案的中国东部夏季降水概率季度预测

借助ENSEMBLES计划提供的5个海-气耦合模式(CGCM)的多初值后报降水资料,采用常用的4种多模式集合方案,即等权集合(EE)、对单个集合成员先订正再等权集合(Cali-EE)、基于多元线性回归的集合方案(MLR)、基于贝叶斯统计学的集合方案(Bayes),制作1960—2005年中国东部夏季降水概率密度函数(PDF)季度预测。在此基础上,比较最优(技巧最高)集合方案与气候学预测(衡量概率密度函数预测是否有技巧的基准)的技巧,初步评估目前基于多模式集合方案的、中国东部夏季降水的概率密度函数季度预测能力。结果表明,Bayes方案在华南最优,Cali-EE在长江流域、江淮流域以及中国北方的中部最优,MLR在中国北方的东部最优;基于这些最优集合方案的概率密度函数预测产品均具有高校准度,且其锐度高于或接近气候学预测;并且,对于所有区域,最优集合方案的预测技巧总是高于气候学预测,这暗示即使不提取模式其他变量中所包含的预测信息,对于中国东部夏季降水季度预测,常用的多模式集合方案也已具备制作有技巧的概率密度函数预测产品的能力。     

降温速率对三种类型水滴冻结过程影响的实验研究

大量实验研究表明,水滴的异质冻结既与所含冰核有关,又包含一定的随机过程。本研究一方面对已有的实验研究结果进行验证,同时寻找水滴冻结与温度及时间的定量关系,检验随机假设和奇点假设的相互作用。选用雨水、纯净水和瓶装饮用水3种水样,采用中国气象科学研究院的均匀水滴冻结实验装置,对3类水样做了不同的恒定降温速率实验,并对雨水进行了恒温实验。结果表明,总体来看,随温度降低,降温速率慢的液滴累加冻结比例高于降温速率快的液滴,并且在纯净水和瓶装饮用水中更明显;降温速率越大,平均冻结温度和中值冻结温度越低,不同的是雨水的值跟降温速率成对数关系,而瓶装饮用水的值与降温速率成线性关系(纯净水因为只有两种降温速率,故不能确定是哪一种关系);不同水样的冻结几率随温度的降低指数增大,而瓶装饮用水冻结几率函数中指数前的系数随降温速率的增大指数减小;恒温阶段,雨水的冻结几率随时间指数衰减,在恒温的前2 min衰减较快,之后减慢,并且水滴冻结在前2 min发生较多,之后变的很少,15 min之后则没有冻结事件发生。该现象可以用随机假设和奇点假设结合起来解释,当温度达到或低于特征温度时,水分子在冻结核上的聚合需要一段时间,所以造成了在恒温阶段出现水滴冻结的现象。水滴冻结是两种假设的共同作用。     

The statistical characters of PM10 in Belgrade area

The concentrations of air pollutants depend on meteorological conditions and pollutant emission level. From the statistical properties of air pollutants the number of times the daily average concentrations exceed the assigned air quality standard (AQS) can be estimated, as well as the level of reduction of particle matter emission sources required to meet the AQS. In this paper three statistical distributions (lognormal, Weibull and type V Pearson distribution) were used to fit the complete set of PM₁₀ data for the Belgrade urban area during a three-year period (2003–2005). The method of moments and the method of least squares were both used to estimate the parameters of the three theoretical distributions. The type V Pearson distribution represented the PM₁₀ daily average concentration most closely. However, the parent distributions sometimes diverged in predicting a high PM₁₀ concentration and therefore asymptotic distributions of extreme values were used to fit the high PM₁₀ concentration distribution more correctly. This method can successfully predict the return period and exceedances over a critical concentration in succeeding years. The estimated emission source reduction of PM₁₀ to meet the assigned standard varied from 53% to 63% in the Belgrade urban area. The results provide useful information for air quality management and could be used to examine the similarities and differences among air pollution types in diverse areas.     

小麦赤霉病发生量预测预报

采用单因子相关法和多因子线性回归法对豫西地区1985－1999年15年的小麦赤霉病系统观测资料及相关气象资料进行统计分析，经比较，筛选出春季玉米残体菌率、4月下旬－5月下旬雨日、4月下旬－5月下旬雨量3个对小麦赤霉病发生量影响显著的因子，建立预测模型，经回验与预测验证，结果与实际相吻合。     

山东省S波段与C波段天气雷达回波强度的对比分析

山东省济南市的S波段天气雷达与泰山山顶处的C波段雷达相距67 km。为了定量分析两部雷达扫描观测的回波强度在不同个例中的差异程度,从2007—2010年两部雷达观测中选出10次有明显回波的个例,对3个高度的CAPPI及相同观测区域的格点化回波强度资料进行对比分析。结果表明:10次个例的整体对比中,两部雷达在3个高度(2、3、4 km)的CAPPI回波强度资料的概率密度有较好的相似性;两部雷达回波强度均值随着选取高度增加而增大,每个高度上S波段均值较C波段大2 dBz左右。其中,6次降雨个例3 km的CAPPI资料对比中,一次平均强度小于30 dBz的降水过程,且强回波所占比例较小,C波段雷达衰减小,两部雷达测量回波强度一致性最好;其余5次过程中,S波段雷达测量的平均回波强度值均在30 dBz以上,且强回波所占比例较多,C波段由于衰减等原因,两部雷达的测量存在不同程度的差异。     

佛山地区有限高度视线无云概率的计算

本文绘出了适用于世界任何地区的地面到任意有限高度上视线无云概率的计算方法和视线无云持续概率与再现概率的计算方法,并利用我国佛山地区30年的地面常规云观测资料计算了佛山地区有限高度视线无云概率、视线无云持续概率与视线无云再现概率,得到以下结论：（1）视线无云概率随高度的增加而减小,随视角的增大而增大。（2）视线无云持续概率和视线无云再现概率随高度的增加和滞后时间的延长而减小。（3）视线无云再现概率总等于或大于视线无云持续概率。     

非均匀地表条件下区域平均径流率的一种参数化方法及其模拟试验

从陆面水文过程的物理机制出发，引进概率统计分布理论，推导出一种由非均匀土壤含水量及降水气候强迫所形成的次网格尺度非均匀径流率的解析表达式，从而将通常的次网格尺度地表径流的参数化方案（mosaic方法）改进为考虑网格区整体非均匀性的统计-动力参数化方案。文中用仿真模拟资料验证了该方案的可靠性与可行性，并作数值试验。结果表明，该方案切实可行。     

Using multiple logistic regression and GIS technology to predict landslide hazard in northeast Kansas, USA

Landslides in the hilly terrain along the Kansas and Missouri rivers in northeastern Kansas have caused millions of dollars in property damage during the last decade. To address this problem, a statistical method called multiple logistic regression has been used to create a landslide-hazard map for Atchison, Kansas, and surrounding areas. Data included digitized geology, slopes, and landslides, manipulated using ArcView GIS. Logistic regression relates predictor variables to the occurrence or nonoccurrence of landslides within geographic cells and uses the relationship to produce a map showing the probability of future landslides, given local slopes and geologic units. Results indicated that slope is the most important variable for estimating landslide hazard in the study area. Geologic units consisting mostly of shale, siltstone, and sandstone were most susceptible to landslides. Soil type and aspect ratio were considered but excluded from the final analysis because these variables did not significantly add to the predictive power of the logistic regression. Soil types were highly correlated with the geologic units, and no significant relationships existed between landslides and slope aspect.     

Efficient system reliability analysis illustrated for a retaining wall and a soil slope

Although first-order reliability method is a common procedure for estimating failure probability, the formulas derived for bimodal bounds of system failure probability have not been widely used as expected in present reliability analyses. The reluctance for applying these formulas in practice may be partly due to the impression that the procedures to implement the system reliability theory are tedious. Among the methods for system reliability analysis, the approach suggested in Ditlevsen 1979 is considered here because it is a natural extension of the first-order reliability method commonly used for failure probability estimation corresponding to a single failure mode, and it can often provide reasonably narrow failure probability bounds. To facilitate wider practical application, this paper provides a short program code in the ubiquitous Excel spreadsheet platform for efficiently calculating the bounds for system failure probability. The procedure is illustrated for a semi-gravity retaining wall with two failure modes, a soil slope with two and eight failure modes, and a loaded beam with three failure modes. In addition, simple equations are provided to relate the correlated but unrotated equivalent standard normals of the Low and Tang 2007 FORM procedure with the uncorrelated but rotated equivalent standard normals of the classical FORM procedure. Also demonstrated are the need for investigating different permutations of failure modes in order to get the narrowest bounds for system failure probability, and the use of SORM reliability index for system reliability bounds in a case where the curvature of the limit state surface cannot be neglected.     

贵州省降雨型滑坡预报模型及检验

本文利用贵州省2010—2017年630次降雨型滑坡资料以及国家气象台站和区域自动气象站逐小时降水资料，分析了贵州省降雨型滑坡的时空分布特征。基于5个不同时效降水指标与滑坡累积发生概率的拟合曲线公式，得到不同概率对应的5个降水指标的降水阈值，建立贵州省降雨型滑坡预报模型,并利用2018年新增滑坡样本对预报模型进行检验。结果表明：贵州省降雨型滑坡高发期主要集中在5—7月，其中6月滑坡发生概率最高，约48.6 %；7月次之，约34.9 %。当R1h、R3h、R6h、R24h、R3d分别大于等于26.9 mm、48.9 mm、62.9 mm、79.5 mm、92.0 mm时，发布滑坡预报预警。在降雨型滑坡预报模型中，随着5个不同时效指标的降水量增大，降雨型滑坡累积发生概率变化呈现前后增加缓慢，中间快速增加的变化特征。模型检验结果表明贵州省降雨型滑坡预报模型有一定的准确性，且5个降水指标均具有一定的实用性，其中利用R3d开展降雨型滑坡预报准确率最好。