基于降水气候强迫的一种地表径流估计方法

文中从地表水分平衡的物理机制出发 ,引进降水概率统计分布理论 ,推导出一种由降水气候强迫形成的次网格尺度非均匀径流率计算方法。应用于mosaic方案 ,可进一步计算区域平均径流及产流和汇流。试验证明 ,对于不同物理性质的地表而言 ,由于其土壤入渗能力的差异 ,相同降水气候强迫所能生成的径流量及其相对比值是不同的 ,例如干旱区与湿润区就有很大差异。同时 ,不同空间分布概率的降水量 ,不同站点的地表性质、土壤水力学条件等物理因素的千变万化 ,可使径流特征的空间分布具有很大变异性。因上述各种因素的综合影响 ,由降水气候强迫所形成的地表径流具有特定的非均匀分布是必然的。文中用实测资料验证了其可靠性与可行性     

Genetic algorithms in probabilistic finite element analysis of geotechnical problems

In application to numerical analysis of geotechnical problems, the limit-state surface is usually not known in any closed form. The probability of failure can be assessed via the so-called reliability index. A minimization problem can naturally be formed with an implicit equality constraint defined as the limit-state function and optimization methods can be used for such problems. In this paper, a genetic algorithm is proposed and incorporated into a displacement finite element method to find the Hasofer–Lind reliability index. The probabilistic finite element method is then used to analyse the reliability of classical geotechnical systems. The performance of the genetic algorithm (GA) is compared with simpler probability methods such as the first-order-second-moment Taylor series method. The comparison shows that the GA can produce the results fairly quickly and is applicable to evaluation of the failure performance of geotechnical problems involving a large number of decision variables.     

Study of the Probability Density Functions From a Large-Eddy Simulation for a Stably Stratified Boundary Layer

Turbulence in a non-strongly stably stratified large-eddy simulation (LES) case is studied through probability density functions (PDFs) to obtain additional information than that provided by classical LES averages. The PDFs are computed for one hour within the steady-state regime at three different levels: near the surface, in the middle and at the top of the boundary layer, for the wind components and the temperature. The physical significance of these PDFs from LES is discussed and they are compared to those obtained from observations. The analysis of the eddy structures within the stably stratified boundary layer is made through the combined study of the fields, the spectra and the statistical moments obtained from the PDFs and joint PDFs. The homogeneity of the fields is inspected through a comparison of the ensemble to the temporal and the spatial PDFs, showing that the ergodic theorem is not fulfilled. To this end, the sensitivity of the PDF moments to the LES resolution is explored.     

航空气象条件的三维联合概率预报

本文在“正态化转换”技术的基础上．利用机场地面信息化观测资料,采用Gringorten的计算方案,对佛山机场的能见度、云量、云底高进行了三维联合概率预报。其主要结论如下：三维概率预报的准确性比较高,其预报方案在实际的业务中是可行的。     

强震概率增长时段判定法在粤东及邻区的应用

将强震概率增长时段判定法（ＴＩＰ－Ｍ８）应用于粤、闽、赣交界及近海地区,资料从１９８５至１９９５年底。绝大多数地震流函数异常显示,从１９９５年底起３年内该区将发生５．５级左右地震。１９９７年５月３１日发生的福建永安５．２级地震与此判断相符。     

中—长期地震预测方法概率增益的评估

对各种不同时空尺度地震预测方法的概率增益Ｋ的评估,是应用地震预测综合概率增益模型的基本研究内容之一。各种尺度地震预测方法可分为空间增益,时间增益和时空增益三种类型,初步研究了概率增益Ｋ的评估方法,给出预测状态概率评估概率增益Ｋ的关系,并得出地震预测方法的Ｒ值评分与概率增益Ｋ的关系     

应用地震时间间隔分布特征进行地震活动趋势判断

本文对吉林省伊通－舒兰断裂带发生的地震，我国南北地震带南段安宁河－滇东地震带的中强地震发震时间间进行统计分析，把每两个发震时间相减得到地震的时间间隔Ｘｉ序列，由Ｘｉ序列求出概率密度函数ｆ（ｘ）或其分布函数Ｆ（ｘ）。     

用Ω统计法推断陕西省地震震级的分布特征

介绍了Ω概率统计法的原理和计算公式，使用１９７０～１９９３年陕西省ＭＬ≥２．３级地震目录，用Ω概率统计法分析了陕西地震震级的分布特征，得到陕西省ＭＬ４．０和ＭＬ５．０级地震的复发周期。     

评地震危险性分析方法

本文对目前我国地震危险性分析中普遍采用的概率方法,即洪华生模型进行了分析和评述。指出上述方法忽略了断层间的相互影响;将未来大震看作小概率事件是对古登堡震级与频次关系的误解;同时,该方法中极值理论的时间概念是不可靠的。     

A cross entropy method for flood frequency analysis

The cross-entropy method with fractile constraints has been developed to estimate a random variable when the data are a set of independent observations of the variable. The method can claim several advantages over existing methods. It uses a reference distribution like the prior distribution in Bayesian analysis and likewise generates a posterior distribution.The method is of interest, in particular, because it satisfies two fundamental requirements for selfconsistency in the analysis of a probabilistic system based on data: a principle of invariance and a principle of data monotonicity.The method is applied to flood analysis. Robustness of the minimum cross-entropy method is compared with other methods: the methods of moments and the maximum likehood.