华南地区汛期极端降水的概率分布特征

利用1960-2005年华南地区71个测站的逐日降水量资料和NCEP/NCAR南半球月平均海平面气压场再分析资料,采用Le Page榆验、广义极值分布等统计诊断方法,研究了华南地区近46 a前汛期(4-6月)和后汛期(7-9月)极端降水的时空变化及概率分布特征.并讨论了南半球澳大利亚高压和马斯克林高压强度指数与华南汛期暴雨日数间年代际变化的关系.结果表明:(1)1992年华南地区降水发生了由减少趋势到增多趋势的突变,降水趋势发生突变后前汛期极端降水量和日极端降水强度有所下降,而后汛期则是显著增强.(2)华南汛期年平均日最大降水量、50 a一遇日最大降水量极值和暴雨日数的空间分布特征相似,即前汛期的空间分布自南向北呈现"低-高-低"的分布趋势,后汛期呈现由沿海到内陆的"高-低"的分布趋势.(3)1992年发生突变后,前、后汛期年平均日最大降水量和年平均暴雨日数显著增加和减少的空间分布基本一致.(4)就年代际变化而言,南半球澳大利亚高压和马斯克林高压的强度变化是华南汛期降水异常的重要气候背景,即当两高压处在同时增强时期时,华南前汛期极端降水处于偏少阶段,后汛期则处于偏多阶段.     

Assessing probability of surface manifestation of liquefaction at a given site in a given exposure time using CPTU

This paper is a follow-up to a previous paper on the subject of liquefaction potential index (LPI), a parameter that is often used to characterize the potential for surface manifestation of liquefaction at a given site subjected to a given shaking level (represented by a pair of peak ground surface acceleration a_max and moment magnitude M_w). In the previous paper by Juang and his coworkers, the LPI was re-calibrated for a piezocone penetration test (CPTU) model, and a simplified model based on LPI was created for computing the conditional probability of surface manifestation of liquefaction (P_G). In this paper, the model for this conditional probability P_G is extended into a complete framework for assessing the probability of surface manifestation of liquefaction in a given exposure time at a given site subjected to all possible ground motions at all seismic hazard levels. This new framework is formulated and demonstrated with an example site in 10 different seismic regions in the United States.     

Neural network-based model for assessing failure potential of highway slopes in the Alishan, Taiwan Area: Pre- and post-earthquake investigation

This paper is aimed at creating an empirical model for assessing failure potential of highway slopes, with a special attention to the failure characteristics of the highway slopes in the Alishan, Taiwan area prior to, and post, the 1999 Chi-Chi, Taiwan earthquake. The basis of the study is a large database of 955 slope records from four highways in the Alishan area. Artificial neural network (ANN) is utilized to “learn” from this database. The developed ANN model is then used to study the effect of the Chi-Chi earthquake on the slope failure characteristics in the Alishan area. Significant changes in the degrees of influence of several factors (variables) are found and possible reasons for such changes are discussed. The novelty of this paper lies in the fact that the developed ANN models are used as a tool to investigate the slope failure characteristics before and after the Chi-Chi earthquake.     

白刺不同果实性状的遗传力估计及优良亲本选择

亲子回归法研究白刺果实不同性状遗传力的结果表明,果径、果形、果色、果味、核形和果实出肉率等性状指标的遗传力较高,说明这些性状变异的遗传贡献较大,可作为白刺果实类型划分的主要指标,其中果径、果味和出肉率可作为白刺果实品质评价和优良亲本选择的主要依据。以果径和出肉率为指标,用家系选择法选择优良亲本可获得较大的遗传增益,且两指标选择的亲本一致,选择效果满意。     

The statistics of particle velocities and accelerations under waves with directional spread

The statistics of the horizontal component of the water particle velocity vector under random waves are considered. A spread in the directions of travel of the component wave trains does not affect the rms value of the modulus r but it affects the shape of its probability distribution in such a way that the pr3bability of extreme values is reduced. For small and moderate directional spreads the modulus for a given probability of exceedance is reduced by a factor which tends to F_s as the probability of exceedance tends to zero, where F_s is the spread factor (which is typically 0.9 in temperate storms). However, the convergence on this asymptote is not complete for probabilities of engineering importance, particularly for wide directional spreads. The standard deviation of the probability distribution of the direction of the vector is reduced roughly in inverse proportion to r. The same conclusions apply to particle accelerations.     

Significant load and green water on deck of offshore units/vessels

In this paper the probability of green water occurrence is investigated by taking into account the threshold of the vertical relative motion exceeding the freeboard. The number of wetting of the unit/vessel is predicted using probabilistic method. This paper compares the significant load, due to shipping of green water with the works of other researchers, and the loads are found to be close with the results presented in this paper. There is no direct relation between the velocities in the waves and the water velocity over the deck. The water velocities around the bow are heavily distributed by the presence of the bow. This scenario makes the flow very complex for schematic modelling.     

条件区域云概率分布模型

本文在引入区域相关场和正态化转换技术的基础之上,通过MonteCarlo模拟建立了条件区域概率分布模型,较好地解决了单点概率和区域分布概率之间的关系,并通过大量计算,得到了条件区域概率分布模型的拟合函数,从而使区域范围内的概率天气预报成为可能。特别是为战时气象信息封锁条件下,进行区域范围内的概率天气预报提供了新的思路。     

大连地区地震活动性分析及地震概率背景估计

根据统计计算大连地区１９９１年１１月至 １９９９年１月发生的２９９个ＭL≥２．０地震,得出目前该地区的地震活动规律,并对这期间的地震变化趋势进行了理论分析和概率背景估计,认为其间所发生的地震属于１９９３年３月１８日的大连满家滩南海ＭＬ４．３地震序列,从理论值和实测值的结果判断,该地震序列发生 ＭＬ≥５．０的可能性不大, 但不能排除该地震序列仍然存在着发生４．０≤ＭＬ＜５．０地震的概率背景．目前的地震平静期属于该地震序列活动期的尾声和下一地震活动期能量积累的初级阶段．     

中华绒螯蟹“长荡湖1号”新品系选育第二代(G2)生长、性腺发育和养殖性能的研究

“长荡湖1号”A系和B系是分别以成活率和大规格为主要选育指标建立的两个相互独立的中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheirsinensis)选育品系,为评估“长荡湖1号”偶数年群体(偶数年繁殖孵化)选育第二代(G2)的选育效果,本实验以未选育群体作为对照组,比较了两选育品系和对照组在实际池塘养殖条件下的生长、性腺发育和养殖性能。结果显示:(1)两选育品系A系和B系在扣蟹、成蟹养殖阶段的最终平均体质量均高于对照组,其中B系雌体与对照组具有显著差异(P<0.05);无论雌体还是雄体, B系最终平均体质量均略高于A系,但无显著差异(P>0.05);(2)各组实验蟹雌雄个体在成蟹阶段的生殖蜕壳高峰期分别为2021年8月10～30日和8月30日～9月20日,各组成蟹完成生殖蜕壳后性腺迅速发育,并且性腺发育后期,对照组GSI最高、B系的GSI最低;(3)就成活率而言,三组蟹在扣蟹和成蟹阶段的成活率大小顺序为:A系>对照组>B系,差异不显著(P>0.05);而在产量、大规格蟹比例和饲料系数方面,两选育品系均优于对照组。综上,经过两代配套系选育,“长荡湖1号”A系和B系均获得良好的选...     

Distribution of eddy scales for wave current combined flow

This paper illustrates the modulation of the eddy scale distribution due to superimposition of surface wave on only current flow. Time series data of three-dimensional velocity components were measured in a laboratory flume by a three-dimensional (3D) 16-MHz micro-acoustic Doppler velocimeter (Micro-ADV). The velocity time series of only current case and waves following the current were analysed to obtain the phase-averaged mean velocities, turbulent intensities, and Reynolds stress. The probability density function of phase-averaged stream-wise and vertical velocity fluctuations showed bimodal oscillations towards the free surface for higher frequency surface waves. It was revealed that surface waves along the current effectively decrease the intermittency of turbulence of the only current flow. Surface wave changed the intermittent structure of only current flow by modulation of the energy cascade mechanism of the only current flow by introduction of wave induced length scales. Also the scale of the finer dissipative eddies were prominently enhanced by the increase in surface wave frequency. Wavelet analysis of time series of velocity signals provided information on the eddy scale and their frequency of occurrence. It was found that the large eddies are carried by the crest regions of the progressive wave while the small scale eddies are carried by the trough regions.