Low-cost volcano surveillance from space: case studies from Etna, Krafla, Cerro Negro, Fogo, Lascar and Erebus

 Satellite data offer a means of supplementing ground-based monitoring during volcanic eruptions, especially at times or locations where ground-based monitoring is difficult. Being directly and freely available several times a day, data from the advanced very high resolution radiometer (AVHRR) offers great potential for near real-time monitoring of all volcanoes across large (3000×3000 km) areas. Herein we describe techniques to detect and locate activity; estimate lava area, thermal flux, effusion rates and cumulative volume; and distinguish types of activity. Application is demonstrated using data for active lavas at Krafla, Etna, Fogo, Cerro Negro and Erebus; a pyroclastic flow at Lascar; and open vent systems at Etna and Stromboli. Automated near real-time analysis of AVHRR data could be achieved at existing, or cheap to install, receiving stations, offering a supplement to conventional monitoring methods. Received: 21 January 1997 / Accepted: 3 April 1997     

桥梁气象专题研究与服务

根据实际开展的桥梁气象专题研究，分析桥梁气象研究与服务如何面对国内大型桥梁建设发展趋势所带来的机遇和挑战，提出开展桥梁气象研究与服务的必要性，并从桥位气候背景、桥位气象参数取值、桥梁气象研究方法以及桥梁施工及营运期气象服务与保障等方面介绍桥梁气象专题研究及服务应开展的主要内容，同时，给出一个已投入实际使用的桥梁施工期气象环境监测与预警系统的建设思路。     

相控阵天气雷达监测预警龙卷风的过程剖析

天气雷达作为龙卷风监测预警的重要手段之一,应用具有超高时空分辨率的X波段双极化相控阵天气雷达系统,较好地捕获并提前预警龙卷风。以2022年6月19日07时发生在广东佛山南海的一次龙卷风为例,详细剖析龙卷生消及雷达监测预警过程。借助雷达智能预警软件,利用X波段双极化相控阵天气雷达的双偏振量和超高时空分辨率数据,实时反演三维风场和分析龙卷碎片(TVS)特征,能够显著提高龙卷风监测预警水平。实例表明,本次成功地提前18分钟预警龙卷,进一步说明了X波段双极化相控阵天气雷达在强对流天气探测方面具有较强的生命力。     

滑坡变形立体监测网建设

论文简要介绍了滑坡监测工作内容和监测方法，对现有技术方法在实际工作中的优缺点进行了简要评述。认为在滑坡稳定性监测工作中应该建立全方位、多种手段的立体监测网，仅仅运用某一种或者某一单方面的监测方法是不行的，是片面的，无法准确了解滑坡的动态。所说的立体监测网既有水平位移监测又有垂直位移监测，既有滑坡地表表层变形监测又有滑体深部变形监测，既有专业监测又有群测群防体系。同时监测有可能准确地掌握使滑坡失稳的各种因素（自然因素和人为因素）。因此建议在滑坡监测中建立全方位、多种手段的立体监测网，并提出了立体监测网建设的主要内容。     

Morphology,structure and kinematics of a rainfall controlled slow‐moving Andean landslide,Peru

The large slow‐moving landslide of Maca is located in the upper Colca valley (southern Peru), a region characterized by a well pronounced rainy period, and intense and recurrent sustained seismicity. The landslide, developed in deep lacustrine deposits, has recently accelerated, threatening the Maca village. This work aims at understanding the rupture mechanism and the causes of the recent landslide reactivation/acceleration. We present a multidisciplinary characterization of the Maca landslide that includes: (i) geological and morphological mapping in the field; (ii) remote sensing analysis using an historical aerial photograph of 1955 and the Pléiades satellite images (2013); (iii) global positioning system (GPS) including time‐series of surveys over 13 years, and continuous measurements over 14 months; (iv) a geophysical campaign with deep electrical resistivity tomography profiles acquired across the landslide mass. Our study shows that this 60 Mm³ landslide, which can be classified as a clay/silt compound landslide, moved by 15 m between 2001 and 2014 with a large inter‐annual velocity variation (up to a factor of 500) depending on the rainfall intensity. We suggest that these dramatic changes in velocity are the result of the combination of a threshold mechanism and the short intense rainy season in Peru. This study reveals three main driving factors acting at different timescales: (i) over several decades, the river course has significantly changed, causing the Maca landslide reactivation in the 1980s due to the erosion of its toe; (ii) at the year scale, a minimum amount of rainfall is required to trigger the motion and this amount controls the landslide velocity; (iii) transient changes in slide velocity may occur anytime due to earthquakes. This study particularly highlights the non‐linear behaviour of the motion with rainfall. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

南黄海海域2021年绿潮的遥感监测与分析

通过卫星遥感影像对2021年南黄海海域绿潮的分布和发展进行了持续监测,发现3月底主要以马尾藻分布为主,后续马尾藻向北发展;5月中旬,南黄海中部海域监测到马尾藻分布;5月下旬,绿潮分布靠近江苏近岸,规模迅速扩大,主要以浒苔分布为主;6月19日达到峰值,随后绿潮覆盖面积下降,至8月25日完全消亡。绿潮规模在5月下旬进入暴发阶段,至6月中旬达到峰值。完整分析了南黄海海域2021年绿潮的发展与空间分布特征,可推动绿潮防控的研究与应用,为后续绿潮防控提供参考。     

暗挖隧道注浆-降压联合地下水控制技术

动水条件下承压水的注浆止水及加固问题,是暗挖隧道地下水控制的重要难题,在浆液配比、注浆参数等方面的设计施工经验较少。以某地铁区间联络通道的地下水控制工程为背景,结合该通道地质条件复杂、承压水头高、突涌水量大等施工现状,基于注浆-降压联合的地下水控制思路,探索了高承压水头条件下的WSS双液注浆止水施工技术,并通过现场探测和地面沉降监测研究其止水加固效果。结果表明,采用注浆-降压联合的地下水控制及加固方案,在显著承压性的地下水含水层注浆止水加固中取得了良好的效果,既能够保证地下通道的注浆过程顺利进行,又能确保地下水治理效果,并遏制围岩的变形发展,各部位变形均满足控制指标。     

GPS automatic monitoring system for outside deformation of Geheyan Dam on the Qingjiang River

In this paper, the background of developing GPS Automatic Monitoring System for outside deformation of Geheyan Dam is described concisely. The framework, precision and features of the system are stated in detail. Finally, the prospective application of the system is introduced.     

GIS技术支持下的江苏省环境自动监控系统建设

GIS是江苏省环境自动监控系统建设中重要的支撑性信息技术，在GIS数据以及软件系统的支持下．全省各种环境自动监控信息的获取、存贮、管理和显示实现了信息处理业务化集成，网络化环境自动监控信息共享与服务GIS系统为增强我省适应环境管理现代化的环境信息快速获取和应急决策响应能力发挥了良好作用。     

工程建筑沉降预测的非等间距灰色建模

介绍了传统灰色GM(1,1)模型建立的基本思路及其精度评定方法,着重探讨了非等间距数列的灰色预测建模问题,给出了详细的建模过程。并结合高层建筑沉降监测实例进行分析,取得了较好效果。