中国及邻区地震的天文潮汐触发特征研究——附加潮汐应力对发震断层的作用模式及其应用

本文在潮汐应力、构造应力、地震断层和岩石破裂滑动理论的基础上 ,建立了潮汐应力对地震断层作用的力学模式 ,该模式将潮汐应力与地震应力作用相结合 ,描述了沿地震主压应力和地震主张应力方向的附加潮汐应力对发震断层的力学作用方式 ,从而切入潮汐应力触发地震的物理机制 ,认为潮汐对地震的触发作用在实质上归结为潮汐应力对地震断层的促滑作用 ,这种促滑作用分增压型和减压型。在此模式基础上 ,对中国大陆及邻区的不同类型地震的潮汐触发性进行了研究 ,内容包括 :计算了中国及邻区一千多个地震震源处沿主压应力P轴和主张应力T轴方向的附加潮汐应力分量 ,分析了这些量对发震断层的作用方式 ,按纬度区域统计了受到潮汐应力促滑作用的发震断层类型以及它们与潮汐应力作用方式的关系 ,得到了如下结论 :受到潮汐应力促滑作用的发震断层的比例随区域纬度增加有减小趋势 ,其中 ,走滑型断层的比例在低纬区较大 ,而倾滑斜型断层的比例在中高纬度区较大 ;对整个统计区域而言 ,受增压型潮汐应力促滑作用的发震断层数比例大于受减压型潮汐应力促滑作用的发震断层 ;对不同的纬度区域 ,不同的潮汐应力作用方式与之促滑的发震断层类型也有不同的分布特征。最后 ,本文将中国及邻区受到潮汐触发作用的地震按构造应力     

THE EFFECT OF LOCATION ON THE ADOPTION OF HAZARD MITIGATION MEASURES

The adoption of hazard mitigation measures by those in vulnerable areas is the result of a complex process involving many variables. This study investigates the potential impact one variable, location, has on adoption. The findings suggest that adoption of measures that require little planning and are highly visible are related to location.     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Main Street: Northeastern Oregon: The Founding and Development of Small Towns . Barbara Ruth Bailey . Food Politics: The Regional Conflict . David N. Balaam and Michael J. Carey , eds. The International Economy and Industrial Development: Trade and Investment in the Third World . R. Ballance , J. Ansari and H. Singer . Neighborhoods in Urban America . Ronald H. Bayor , ed. The English Heartland . By Robert Beckinsale and Monica Beckinsale . Regional Dimensions of Industrial Policy . Michael E. Bell and Paul S. Lande , eds. Tension Areas of the World . D. Gordon Bennett , ed. Latin America: an Introductory Survey . B. W. Blouet and O. M. Blouet , eds. Integration and Division: Geographical Perspectives on the Northern Ireland Problem . Frederick W. Boal and J. Neville H. Douglas , eds. Energy and Land Use . Robert W. Burchell and David Listokin , eds. Slopes and Weathering . Michael Clarke and John Small . Alaska's Rural Development . Peter G. Cornwall and Gerald Mc Beath , eds. The Politics of Park Design: A History of Urban Parks in America . Galen Cranz . World Congress on Land Policy, 1980, Proceedings . Matthew Cullen and Sharon Woolery , eds. Oregon Divided: A Regional Geography . Samuel N. Dicken and Emily F. Dicken . Urban Food Marketing and Third World Rural Development . T. Scarlett Epstein . South Africa: Spatial Frameworks for Development . T. J. D. Fair . Institutions and Geographical Patterns . Robin Flowerdew , ed. Industrialization of U.S. Agriculture, An Interpretive Atlas . Howard F. Gregor . Planning Theory: Prospects for the 1980s . Patsy Healy , Glen Mc Dougall and Michael J. Thomas , eds. Neighborhood Mobilization: Redevelopment and Response . Jeffrey R. Henig . The American Urban System: A Geographical Perspective . R. J. Johnston . Climate, History and the Modern World . Hubert H. Lamb . Climate and History: Studies in Past Climates and Their Impact on Man . T. M. L. Wigley , M. J. Ingram and G. Farmer . China: Railways and Agricultural Development, 1875–1935 . Ernest P. Liang . A Desirable Energy Future—A National Perspective . Robert S. Livingston , T. D. Anderson , T. M. Besmann , M. Olszewski , A. M. Perry , and C. D. West . Topothesia: Essays Presented to T. S. Ó Máille . B. S. Mac Aodha , ed. Transportation for the Poor: Research in Rural Mobility . Hal S. Maggied . Land Uses in American Cities . Harold M. Mayer and Charles R. Haves . Industrial Organisation and Location . Philip Mc Dermott and Michael Taylor . Human Adaptability: an Introduction to Ecological Anthropology . Emilio F. Moran . Regional Analysis and the New International Division of Labor . Frank Moulaert and Patricia W. Salinas , eds. The Nuclear War Atlas. Victoriaville, Quebec, Canada : Urbanization and Environmental Quality . Isao Orishimo . The Garden of Eden: The Botanic Garden and the Re-Creation of Paradise . John Prest . Earthfire, The Eruption of Mount St. Helens . Charles Rosenfeld and Robert Cooke . Contest for the South China Sea . Marwyn S. Samuels . The Future of the Wetlands: Assessing Visual-Cultural Values . Richard C. Smardon , ed. Tucson: the Life and Times of An American City. C. L. Sonnichsen . The Geography of Multinationals . Michael Taylor and Nigel Thrift , eds. Impact of Marine Pollution on Society . Virginia Tippie and Dana Kester . Reviving the Industrial City: the Politics of Urban Renewal in Lyon and Birmingham . Jerry A. Webman . Andean Reflections: Letters from Carl O. Sauer While on a South American Trip under a Grant from the Rockefeller Foundation, 1942 . Robert C. West , ed. Cartographic Drawing with Computers . P. Yoeli .     

Precise location of unsurveyed seamounts in the Austral archipelago area using SEASAT data

Summary. SEASAT altimetric geoid data are used to detect uncharted sea-mounts in the Austral archipelago area. The various physical parameters which affect the geoid signature of a seamount are inspected to analyse their influence on the precision of the location. These parameters are the shape of the seamount, its density, the crustal model, the effective elastic thickness of the lithosphere and the distance between the seamount and sub-satellite tracks, respectively. The results of the tests performed on synthetic data as well as on charted structures show that when a seamount is detected on at least two neighbouring tracks, it is possible to locate it with good confidence and to give an estimation of its height. If the correct elastic thickness is assumed, the precision on the located is order 15 km. Ten previously unsurveyed seamounts have been located in the Austral archipelago. It appears that they are emplaced along two well-defined azimuths (N 110°E and N 150°E) and that two parallel distinct volcanic chains form the Austral archipelago.     

基于GIS与遥感影像的银行ATM机网点选址方法研究

本文针对当前影响ATM机布点的因素,提出了基于矢量图和遥感影像的可视化平台。首先应用门槛分析模型将区域划分为潜力区域(含有ATM机但还有布放潜力的区域)和空白区域(不含ATM机的区域),从宏观上分析区域布放的可行性,并通过计算潜力区域和空白区域内的网点消费潜力,得出适合布放ATM机的区域,然后通过点位评估模型来分析这些区域内的网点,最后评估出可以布放ATM机的网点,并以北京某公司ATM机布点选址规划应用本文的选址方法进行了实践,取得了很好的效果。     

Latent lifestyle preferences and household location decisions

Lifestyle, indicating preferences towards a particular way of living, is a key driver of the decision of where to live. We employ latent class choice models to represent this behavior, where the latent classes are the lifestyles and the choice model is the choice of residential location. Thus, we simultaneously estimate lifestyle groups and how lifestyle impacts location decisions. Empirical results indicate three latent lifestyle segments: suburban dwellers, urban dwellers, and transit-riders. The suggested lifestyle segments have intriguing policy implications. Lifecycle characteristics are used to predict lifestyle preferences, although there remain significant aspects that cannot be explained by observable variables.

Seismic analysis of the Xiluodu reservoir area and insights into the geometry of seismogenic faults

The Xiluodu (XLD) reservoir is the second largest reservoir in China and the largest in the Jinsha River basin. The occurrence of two M > 5 earthquakes after reservoir impoundment has aroused great interest among seismologists and plant operators. We comprehensively analyzed the seismicity of the XLD reservoir area using precise earthquake relocation results and focal mechanism solutions and found that the seismicity of this area was weak before impoundment. Following impoundment, earthquake activity increased significantly. The occurrence of M ≥ 3.5 earthquakes within five years of impoundment also appear to be closely related to rapid rises and falls in water level, though this correlation weakened after five years because earthquake activity was far from the reservoir area. Earthquakes in the XLD reservoir area are clustered; near the dam (Area A), small faults are intermittently distributed along the river, while Area B is composed of multiple NW-trending left-lateral strike-slip faults and a thrust fault and Area C is composed of a NW-trending left-lateral strike-slip main fault and a nearly EW-trending right-lateral strike-slip minor fault. The geometries of the deep and the shallow parts of the NW-trending fault differ. Under the action of the NW-trending background stress field, a series of NW-trending left-lateral strike-slip faults and NE-trending thrust faults in critical stress states were dislocated due to the stress caused by reservoir impoundment. The two largest earthquakes in the XLD reservoir area were tectonic earthquakes that were directly triggered by impoundment.     

节点相似度辅助下的线要素匹配方法设计

同名要素匹配是空间数据集成、更新和融合的关键技术。针对要素匹配中不同尺度数据构成差异但拓扑结构相似的问题,本文提出一种基于节点相似度的线要素匹配方法。该方法以线要素节点为主要特征,选取了方向、距离等相似性度量指标,并构建了拓扑、方向和距离三类约束,在此基础上,设计了一种基于拓扑关系和空间位置的匹配模型,实现了线要素特征点的相似性匹配。采用大规模道路网进行试验,试验结果表明,该方法切实可行,能够有效解决复杂线要素匹配问题。     

基于InSAR视角对基线精度的影响分析

干涉合成孔径雷达中存在的基线误差会严重影响高程测量的精度问题。由于地球曲率的存在,地物点参考椭球半径在不同纬度地区与星下点的地球半径存在较大的差异,给出了雷达视角与基线的关系式。从雷达临界视角的角度,给出了临界基线的公式。结果表明在一幅影像图上,用一个点的基线值代替整张影像的基线值所产生的误差会传播到DEM以及形变的结果中。     

一种多参数可控的随机复合半色调算法

此处提出了一种融合AM算法和FM算法优势、避免二者劣势的多参数可控随机复合半色调算法。该算法在避免莫尔条纹的同时降低了印刷复制难度,采用通用模板实现加网,节省了工作量。首先对加网角度模型、网点百分率以及网点排列模型进行了解析,提出了算法建模思想。通过设计通用模板或阈值矩阵以及构建网点单元精确定位算法,具体阐述了文中所提算法的建立过程。利用文中所提算法设计实验,对分色图像进行半色调化和叠印模拟。实验证明,文中所提算法是一种多项指标优于传统AM算法和FM算法的半色调方法。