论乡村聚落优化与乡村相对贫困治理

2020年后,中国反贫困将转入相对贫困治理的新阶段。乡村聚落居住、就业、教育、医疗、环卫、文化、防灾减灾等功能的发展不充分和多维剥夺,是乡村相对贫困的重要表现和重要原因,乡村相对贫困治理必须从乡村聚落的整体优化出发。论文在梳理相对贫困概念内涵的基础上,着眼于乡村聚落与相对贫困治理的内在关联,分析乡村聚落与乡村相对贫困发生、乡村聚落优化与相对贫困治理长效机制建立之间的关系,提出基于相对贫困治理的乡村聚落优化策略,以期为2020年后的乡村相对贫困治理和乡村振兴提供理论依据。研究认为：① 乡村相对贫困的形成与聚落要素、功能密切相关,并因区位、布局、规模、形态的差异而有所不同;② 乡村聚落是缓解乡村相对贫困长效机制建立的空间基础,乡村相对贫困治理长效机制的建立要充分发挥乡村聚落的要素支撑与空间载体功能;③ 基于相对贫困治理的乡村聚落优化策略包括振兴村落产业、优化村落空间组织、强化村落文化认同、建立绿色生态村落、促进村落多功能协同转型、坚持分类施策等6个方面。     

南海污损生物研究的现状及展望

污损生物的研究包括生态学、附着机理和防除研究3个方面，其中生态学是基础，附着机理是核心，而防除研究则是解决生物污损问题的终极目标。回顾了中国南海多年来污损生物研究的发展历程，论述了该海区污损生物的主要生态特点，并从生态学角度、生物附着机理和防除手段的研究开发等方面探讨了下一阶段的研究重点和发展方向。     

升温与硝酸盐加富对鹿角杯形珊瑚幼虫的生理影响

选择三亚鹿回头近岸海域常见的鹿角杯形珊瑚(Pocillopora damicornis)幼虫为研究对象,采用室内连续培养的方法,探究了升温(29℃和31℃)与硝酸盐加富(0、5、20μmol/dm^3)对鹿角杯形珊瑚幼虫共生体的生理影响。结果表明:升温和硝酸盐加富对鹿角杯形珊瑚幼虫存活率与共生虫黄藻叶绿素荧光指数(Fv/Fm)无显著影响,但对幼虫附着率的影响表现为明显的交互作用。升温条件下,各处理珊瑚幼虫附着率均显著下降,且硝酸盐加富加剧了升温对珊瑚幼虫附着率的负面影响。再者,升温对幼虫呼吸速率的影响与硝酸盐的浓度有关,5μmol/dm^3硝酸盐处理抵消了升温对幼虫呼吸的促进作用;与此同时,5μmol/dm^3硝酸盐处理提高了幼虫的净光合作用而且光合呼吸速率比(PG/RD)大于2,表明此时珊瑚幼虫共生体系光合作用固定的有机碳为净累积。综上,适量的硝酸盐加富可以缓解升温对珊瑚幼虫代谢的负面影响,但高浓度硝酸盐加富则会不利于鹿角杯形珊瑚幼虫的附着及种群的本地补充。     

德州市临盘采油区地面沉降监测

济南市的鹊山上设立了3块岩层水准标石的原点组。使用美国Tri mble Di Ni 12电子水准仪和条码式铟钢水准标尺施测一等精密水准82.2 km,二等精密水准30.8 km,联测各类水准点35个。对观测结果进行统计与分析表明,在临盘采油区(以后仓西北采油四队LY18为中心)形成了一个较明显的沉降区域,年沉降量为54.3 mm。建议在其周边增埋地面观测标石,进行加密观测,以掌握其变化规律。     

建筑物沉降观测技术方法探讨

随着城市建设的迅猛发展,城市规模越来越大,建筑物越来越高,由此带来的安全隐患越来越大,由于高层建筑一般采用桩基基础,且荷载较大,对高层建筑的内部基础和设备的位置关系有很高的精度要求,其施工安装阶段将给高层建筑本身及周边建筑群体带来复杂的形变影响。为了保障建筑物施工和运营的安全,就必须对其进行沉降观测。本文结合笔者多年的实际工作经验,并结合具体的实例,对高层建筑物沉降原因、沉降观测前的准备工作及沉降观测的实施过程和观测数据的处理方法等进行了论述,最后指出如何通过沉降观测技术准确地反映出高层建筑物的沉降情况。     

大型油罐沉降监测数据处理软件的实现

介绍了针对某批大型油罐的沉降监测数据处理软件制作过程,采用了Excel电子表格软件在VBA可视化编程环境下完成,实现了工程测量数据的及时处理分析。     

Anticipating the effects of groundwater withdrawal on seawater intrusion and soil settlement in urban coastal areas

Intensive pumping in urban coastal areas is a common threat to water resource quality due to seawater intrusion. In those areas where subsurface water resources are not usually used for human consumption or irrigation, intensive pumping is associated with other activities like the lowering of the water table necessary to support underground structures and building foundations. This activity also increases the likelihood of soil settlement that affects building stability and the corrosion of concrete structures due to groundwater salinity. Under these circumstances, the awareness of a certain municipality (Calonge, NE Spain) of the potential effects of groundwater withdrawal upon foundations has led to an integrated approach to anticipate seawater intrusion related to urban development. Geological mapping and correlation of borehole logs, electrical resistivity tomography, and hydrochemical data provide comprehensive knowledge of the geology and hydrogeology of the area and act as screening tools necessary to discern the influence of hydrological processes in coastal areas. Developing Strack's analytical solution, new comprehensive, dimensionless expressions are herein derived to determine the critical pumping rate necessary to prevent seawater intrusion, as well as to reproduce the evolution of the wedge toe and the water table stagnation point under different withdrawal rates. Furthermore, the Dupuit–Forchheimer well discharge formula allows the estimation of the effects of the water table lowering due to such critical pumping in the surrounding building foundations. Field data from the Calonge coastal plain illustrate this approach and provide assessment criteria for future urban development and planning. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

辽东山区人口地域分布研究

本文在分析了辽东山区土地资源特征和人口特征的基础上,从三个角度讨论了辽东山区的人口垂直分布特征,同时还详细分析了人口布局不合理对山区生态环境和经济的影响。并指出,适度移民、并村并点、整合山村及建设农村小集镇是调整山区人口布局,促进山区经济发展和生态环境恢复的有效途径。     

Transient loading-related settlement of a square foundation on geogrid-reinforced sand

Summary Laboratory model test results are presented that determine the effectiveness of using layers of geogrids as reinforcement in sand to reduce the settlement of square surface foundations subjected to transient loading. The model tests were conducted with only one type of geogrid at one relative density of compaction of sand. The maximum intensity of the transient load applied always exceeded the static ultimate bearing capacity of the foundation when supported by unreinforced sand. The settlement reduction factors for various depths of reinforcement have been determined.     

Space,Place, Population and Census Analysis in Australia

The Australian Census of Population and Housing is a census of people not places. However, where people live and work can be of major relevance in our search for explaining and understanding their behaviour. This paper argues that the place dimension in the Australian census has not been exploited very effectively in this respect. Three dimensions of the issue are addressed. Firstly, the spatial units commonly used for analysis of census data often are not appropriate to the problem being investigated. The spatial units in the Australian Standard Geographical Classification (ASGC) used for census data rarely represent meaningful social, economic and environmental regions. Secondly, the use of a simple urban/rural dichotomy is criticised as being a very blunt instrument to differentiate settlement types. Thirdly, the relationship between people and place in the census is discussed. While for the most part the census relates people to a single location—their place of usual residence—this is only one of the places with which people regularly interact. It is suggested that there is a need to adopt practices in the census which allow a range of population geographies to be defined. In conclusion it is argued that innovation in the Australian census, especially with the introduction of meshblocks and contemporary methodology and technology in Geographical Information Systems, makes it possible to analyse spatially referenced data in ways that can address these three issues.