海港地域组合及其区划的初步研究

本文对海港地域组合的概念、形成背景、研究意义,以及海港组合区划的原则、指标和方法等进行了初步的探讨论述。并在这基础上,对中国海港组合区的划分进行了尝试。     

长春市公共服务设施空间与居住空间格局特征

基于长春市790个居住小区、178所小学、301家社区医院、1681个公交站点等空间数据,引用核密度估计、Riley's K函数、同位区位商等分析方法,对公共服务设施空间与居住空间的形态格局、集聚特性、“临近性”关系等进行了定量分析。研究发现：首先,公共服务设施空间与居住空间分布的形态格局差异显著,同时也表现出较高的相关性,“核心—外围”网点数量的分布特征趋同性与分异性并存;其次,公共服务设施空间与居住空间均呈现出显著的集聚特征,但集聚的规模与强度差异明显,二者空间分布的协调性程度仍需提高;第三,从分布的空间关系来看,居住小区具有较为明显的“临近”公共服务设施布局的倾向,但反之不明显,整体呈现出空间格局的“非对称性”特征。     

Remarkable Cave,Tasmania

At Remarkable Cave, southern Tasmania, Triasssic sedimentary rocks are intruded by Jurassic dolerite to form a sheet-like body of unknown thickness to the east of and below Remarkable Cave. The sedimentary rocks near sea-level at Remarkable Cave show deformation and flow structures, and are composed of recrystallised predominantly quartz and feldspar with some darker alteration minerals and zeolite in the more massive parts of the recrystallised rock. The deformation was caused by the intrusion of dolerite. At the top of the sheet-like body to the east of Remarkable Cave there is rheomorphic veining into the dolerite following joint fractures. The dolerite is locally transgressive. In Remarkable Cave, dolerite must occur just below the floor of the cave to heat the sedimentary rocks to much higher temperatures than typical contact aureoles in the area, supporting a local feeder geometry, or compositional control.     

日照港西部海域海底地形与表层沉积特征

利用单波束测深仪和蚌式取样器进行了日照石臼港扩建码头西侧约50km~2海域1:2 000~1:10 000的水深地形测绘和底质分析工作。调查结果表明,日照港西部海域可分4个水深区,其地形和沉积特征如下:1)航道区,浅水航道区等深线平行于码头岸线,水深11m,经过疏浚已形成向南倾斜的四级阶梯地形,疏浚中心处水深24m。航道区底质以分选中等的砾砂为主;2)港池区,水深6 m,等深线与港池岸线平行,水深向南渐增,海底地形平坦,坡降比3‰。底质以分选较好的粉砂和砂质粉砂为主,近岸有少量分选较差的泥质砂质砾;3)涛雒-付疃河口区,水下三角洲地形明显,5m以浅等深线呈弧形向东南方向凸出,坡降比最大可达14.2‰,底质类型为分选极好的砂和粉砂质砂;4)浅海区,海底地形平坦,平均坡降比1.9‰,6~10m等深线呈NE-SW向平行向外海增大,近南扩码头端向东偏转,底质类型为分选好的砂质粉砂和粉砂,并呈平行于海岸线向深水区呈粗-细-粗的带状分布。底质类型分布与水深条件基本吻合,但深水区出现的底质粗化现象,分析认为可能与南扩码头的挑流作用有关,海底沉积物呈向南运移趋势。     

A method to estimate climate-critical construction materials applied to seaport protection

Climate adaptation for coastal infrastructure projects raises unique challenges because global-scale environmental changes may require similar projects to be completed in many locations over the same time frame. Existing methods to forecast resource demand and capacity do not consider this phenomenon of a global change affecting many localities and the resulting increased demand for resources. Current methods do not relate to the most up-to-date climate science information, and they are too costly or too imprecise to generate global, regional, and local forecasts of “climate-critical resources” that will be required for infrastructure protection. They either require too much effort to create the many localized designs or are too coarse to consider information sources about local conditions and structure-specific engineering knowledge. We formalized the concept of a “minimum assumption credible design” (MACD) to leverage available local information (topography/bathymetry and existing infrastructure) and the essential engineering knowledge and required construction materials (i.e., a design cross-section template). The aggregation of the resources required for individual local structures then forecasts the resource demand for global adaptation projects. We illustrate the application of the MACD method to estimate the demand for construction materials critical to protect seaports from sea-level-rise-enhanced storm surges. We examined 221 of the world’s 3,300+ seaports to calculate the resource requirements for a coastal storm surge protection structure suited to current upper-bound projections of two meters of sea level rise by 2100. We found that a project of this scale would require approximately 436 million cubic meters of construction materials, including cement, sand, aggregate, steel rebar, and riprap. For cement alone, ∼49 million metric tons would be required. The deployment of the MACD method would make resource forecasts for adaptation projects more transparent and widely accessible and would highlight areas where current engineering knowledge or material, engineering workforce, and equipment capacity fall short of meeting the demands of adaptation projects.     

安徽省长江沿岸港口体系规模组合与空间结构分析

借助差异指数和罗化兹曲线等技术废划了安徽沿江港口体系规模组合与空间结构的地域差异特征;并运用多元回归分析方法探讨了该港口体系规模组合与空间结构地域差异的成因机制;最后在定性与定量上阐述了该港口体系规模组合与空间结构的动态演变规律。     

Nutrient and Radium Fluxes from Submarine Groundwater Discharge to Port Royal Sound, South Carolina

Water exchange between the coastal ocean and underlying aquifers provides a newly-recognized source of materials to the ocean. The flux of materials into the ocean from this process is termed submarine groundwater discharge (SGD). Both surficial and semi-confined aquifers contribute to SGD. Here we use ²²⁶Ra and ²²⁸Ra to quantify fluxes of SGD to Port Royal Sound, South Carolina, and to separate fluxes from the Upper Floridan (UFA) and surficial aquifers. Higher activity ratios of ²²⁸/²²⁶Ra in the surficial aquifer make this separation possible. We estimate total SGD fluxes of about 100 m³ s^-1 with about 80% being derived from the surficial aquifer. The SGD flux provides about1.8 × 10⁶ mol d^-1 of NH4 with almost 90% from the surficial aquifer. Because of strong differences in the concentration of PO4 within the UFA, PO₄ fluxes areless certain. Using the UFA wells with low PO₄ concentrations yields a flux of 1.2 × 10⁵ mol d^-1; using wells with high concentrations yields a flux of 2.0 × 10⁵ mol d^-1. In the first case virtually all of the PO₄ flux is from the surficial aquifer; in the second case, 40% is from the UFA.The UFA in this region has experienced dramatic changes as a result of withdrawals for human use. Prior to these withdrawals, total nutrient fluxes from the UFA may have been even larger. These changes in the UFA and similar coastal aquifers worldwide have the potential to significantly alter a major nutrient source for the coastal ocean.     

上海南汇芦潮港岸段水下滩坡变化剖析

由远及近简述历史时期和本世纪上半叶南汇岸滩的时空变化规律,着重分析了近30年芦潮港所在的南汇南滩水下滩坡的变化特征。这种变化与长江口河势和南槽分流分沙情势的变化密切相关。根据目前长江口河势的发展情况,芦潮港岸段水下滩坡的淤积趋势仍将持续,但其强度不会达到五十年代的鼎盛状态。     

舟山蛏子港深水网箱养殖环境分析

根据2001年11月1～10日在舟山蛏子港进行水文调查所获取的水深、海流、盐度、悬浮体等资料,对蛏子港深水网箱养殖的环境条件进行了分析,结果表明:该港海区海水平均流速为35.1～100cm/s的出现频率占56%～84%,表、底层盐度平均值为25.227～26.045,悬浮体含量为0.1～0.399kg/m3的出现频率达92%;港区有多个口门与外海相通,海域水体交换活跃。另外,该港的水深和避风条件也基本符合深水网箱养殖的要求,是一个比较适合于海水鱼深水网箱养殖的基地。