A Miocene coarse volcaniclastic mass-flow deposit in the Shimane Peninsula,SW Japan: product of a deep submarine eruption?

 A subaqueous volcaniclastic mass-flow deposit in the Miocene Josoji Formation, Shimane Peninsula, is 15–16 m thick, and comprises mainly blocks and lapilli of rhyolite and andesite pumices and non- to poorly vesiculated rhyolite. It can be divided into four layers in ascending order. Layer 1 is an inversely to normally graded and poorly sorted lithic breccia 0.3–6 m thick. Layer 2 is an inversely to normally graded tuff breccia to lapilli tuff 6–11 m thick. This layer bifurcates laterally into minor depositional units individually composed of a massive, lithic-rich lower part and a diffusely stratified, pumice-rich upper part with inverse to normal grading of both lithic and pumice clasts. Layer 3 is 2.5–3 m thick, and consists of interbedded fines-depleted pumice-rich and pumice-poor layers a few centimeters thick. Layer 4 is a well-stratified and well-sorted coarse ash bed 1.5–2 m thick. The volcaniclastic deposit shows internal features of high-density turbidites and contains no evidence for emplacement at a high temperature. The mass-flow deposit is extremely coarse-grained, dominated by traction structures, and is interpreted as the product of a deep submarine, explosive eruption of vesicular magma or explosive collapse of lava. Received: 10 January 1996 / Accepted: 23 February 1996     

张衡地动仪（1）：诞生的历史

The emergence of Zhang Heng＇s seismoscope has a profound historical background. This paper intends to explore the formation and material basis of Zhang Heng＇s scientific thought. It appears that the simple intention of ＂observing visions and distinguishing good fortune or misfortune＂ was his motivation to develop the seismoscope. Tracing its historical background, the authors proposed in this paper that the development of this seismoscope started around 128 A.D., and based on perceptual knowledge, two ideas about earthquakes came into being, i. e. , earthquake location could be judged according to the instrument shaking direction, and the earthquake and earth split were essentially different. In the instrument manufacture, Zhang Heng advocated a principle of ＂making utensils to imitate cosmos ＂. By this principle, the following three problems were readily solved： the seismoscope imitated the response of the suspension system to earthquakes （ i.e. natural seismoscope） . Technically, the trigger mechanism of the latch was used for reference, and it recorded the physical evidence of earthquake occurrence by an ingenious way of a ball dropping from a dragon＇s mouth. The solution of these three key problems lead to the emergence of the seismoscope in 132 A.D. and the successful detection of an earthquake in 134 A.D. His invention deepened humanity＇s knowledge of natural laws, and promoted the development of science and technology in that time and later.     

紫菜细胞悬浮培养

用酶解技术获得条斑紫菜离体细胞并对其进行细胞悬浮培养研究;对藻休不同部位的细胞分化发育方式,不同悬浮器具培养效果及不同起始培养的细胞密度进行了探索。结果表明:用气升式生物反应器培养细胞效果最佳,起始培养的细胞密度可达l×10~5细胞/ml,细胞存活率达85%。     

Does thermal history influence the tolerance of temperate gorgonians to future warming?

To date, several studies have provided evidence that thermal stress affects the growth, survival and physiology of tropical and temperate macroinvertebrate species. However, few studies have focused on subtidal temperate species and the potential differential thermal tolerances of populations dwelling under contrasting temperature conditions. To assess the role that environmental history has on the response of the temperate gorgonian Eunicella singularis to thermal stress, we compared populations dwelling in the coldest and warmest areas of the NW Mediterranean Sea. Our results show that E. singularis populations from both areas exhibited a high resistance to thermal stress; however, populations from warmer areas had an increased tolerance to thermal stress. Specifically, the upper thermal limits found for cold and warm populations were 28 and 29 °C, respectively. The higher resistance of E. singularis colonies to thermal stress found in this study compared to the field temperature conditions during recent mass mortality events highlights that performing further thermotolerance experiments under contrasting levels of feeding is necessary to fully assess the tolerance thresholds displayed by both study populations. To our knowledge, this study provides the first evidence for the role of thermal history in shaping the thermotolerance responses of Mediterranean marine invertebrates dwelling under contrasting temperature environments.     

Field measurements of snow-drift threshold and mass fluxes,and related model simulations

Field measurements were carried out to calculate the threshold friction velocity for snow saltation, and mass fluxes during snow drift. The wind was measured in three components by an ultrasonic anemometer, and the mass fluxes were determined using an optical sensor (snow particle counter), acoustic sensors (Flowcapt) and mechanical traps. The threshold friction velocity was found to be correlated to the grain size (R²=0.75). The mass flux measurements were compared with numerical simulations of snow drift, and it was demonstrated that the maximum snow transport takes place at shear stress values of roughly two times the average shear stress over 20 min. By implementing a probability distribution for the shear stress the mass flux was simulated with only the mean measured value of the shear stress as input. This procedure enables the future use of the numerical model for operational applications.     

基于挂钩政策下的山东省农村建设用地整理潜力及重点区域

在分析山东省农村建设用地现状基础上,提出全省农村建设用地整理潜力;采用人均定额指标法,预测城镇工矿用地需求量;结合新一轮土地利用总体规划中城乡建设用地控制指标,提出全省可用于挂钩的农村建设用地整理潜力;采用双因素分级法,提出城乡建设用地增减挂钩的重点区域。     

拖网配纲形状合理性检验

为正确分析和改进设计网具,采用悬链线与拖网配纲形状比较的方法,引伸配纲形变系数对设计网配纲进行合理性检验。并对有关计算方法进行推导和论证。     

Filtrate Quality from Different Filter Operations

A brief review of the literature on filtrate quality obtained in constant and variable declining rate operation systems is presented, with the general conclusion that both systems usually produce filtrate of similar quality, assuming the flow‐rate controllers in the constant flow rate system operate properly. A mathematical model of CR (constant rate) filters and VDR (variable declining rate) filters based on the model by Mackie and Zhao (1999) has been described and used to investigate filtrate quality under different operating conditions. A similar quality of filtrate was achieved in computations carried out for both modes of operation, while the total head loss was much lower in the VDR mode. For the same time of filter runs slightly better filtration quality resulted from CR operation, but for different filter runs resulting from the same head loss of flow just before a backwash, the VDR control system produced lower turbidity filtrate.     

Flow Characteristics of Microbubble Suspensions in Porous Media as an Oxygen Carrier

Microbubble suspensions were generated as an oxygen carrier for aerobic biodegradation, and their flow characteristics in porous media were investigated. Commercial surfactants including sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), and dodecylethyldimethylammonium bromide (DEDAB), saponin (a natural surfactant), and collagen (a protein hydrolysate) were examined as base materials for generating microbubble suspensions. Among them, 2×CMC (critical micellar concentration) of SDS, DEDAB, and saponin developed microbubble suspensions with the highest gas hold‐up and half‐drainage time. Visualization of the flow patterns in sand showed that the microbubble suspensions were separated into a liquid and gas phase directly after injection, showing much faster movement of liquid phase flow. The gas front of the microbubble suspensions flowed in a plug‐flow manner, particularly in cases of SDS and DEDAB. The experimental results from both homogeneous and heterogeneous cells confirmed that the microbubble flow could overcome the heterogeneity in porous media. However, the plug‐flow characteristics and flow propagation of the microbubble suspensions to the low‐permeability zone was accompanied by a large pressure drop, which needs to be considered for future field application.     

大跨度悬索桥振动控制的双向TMD参数研究

用时域内的逐步积分法对无ＴＭＤ和带有不同参数ＴＭＤ的悬索桥进行了时程分析,结果表明,ＴＭＤ的参数对结构的动力特性的抑振效果均有较大的影响,ＴＭＤ的频率不仅影响振动控制的效果也影响结构的表观阻尼,扭转振动的控制可由侧向ＴＭＤ来实现。