Quantitative failure metric for gravity dams

Quantitative failure monitoring is a critical tool for safety assessment of concrete dams. This includes damage occurrence, intensity, location, number, size, and propagation pattern. Such an assessment is essential for a quantifiable prioritization of repair and will thus reduce overall cost and improve safety. This paper will address this timely topic through the nonlinear transient analysis of a dam and failure will be ascertained through a multi‐scale damage index. A damage‐plastic model for mass concrete is used, Drucker‐Prager elasto‐plastic one for the foundation, and infinite elements are used for far‐field boundaries. Water‐dam interaction is accounted for through fluid finite elements. It is determined that the proposed damage indices can indeed provide a quantitative metric for the degree of failure in gravity dams in terms of the input dynamic motion. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

县(市)绝对地震应急能力评估方法的初步研究

县(市)地震应急能力的高低直接关系到中国整个地震应急工作的成效.从县(市)绝对地震应急能力的内涵分析出发,结合汶川地震灾区县(市)地震应急能力实地调研工作取得的认识,首先初步构建了县(市)绝对地震应急能力指标体系框架;然后以四川省县(市)为例,在遵循科学性、系统优化和可操作性原则的基础上,构建了围绕着1个目标层,设定5...     

1950s以来鄱阳湖流域降水变化趋势及其持续性特征

以鄱阳湖流域1950s至2005年10个台站的日降水量为基础,采用距平分析、Mann-Kendall非参数检验对鄱阳湖流域1950s以来的年、季降水特征和变化趋势进行分析,并以此为基础,结合Hurat指数,从3年、5年、10年三个时间尺度上分析该流域未来降水的变化趋势.结果表明,鄱阳湖流域年内降水分配不均,年际变化较为...     

汶川地震中建筑震害衰减特征及抗震性能分析

通过对汶川地震中170个调查点的震害指数进行统计分析,得到了从Ⅵ度到Ⅺ度中各个烈度区内的平均震害指数值和方差,结果表明在Ⅶ到X度区平均震害指数与烈度表基本相符,分析了Ⅵ度区和Ⅺ区内平均震害指数偏高和偏低的原因,指出前者主要因为调查点分布的原因,而后者则可能还受到该烈度区大小划分的影响.在断层距50 km内震害指数高、离...     

新疆乌伦古湖大型底栖无脊椎动物的群落结构

乌伦古湖是我国十大内陆淡水湖之一,同时也是新疆维吾尔自治区的第二大湖泊和主要渔业基地.近年来,随着气候变化和人为因素的影响,湖区水体营养状况、生物群落组成等均发生了较大变化.为揭示该湖大型底栖无脊椎动物的群落结构特征及其对生态系统变化的响应,2006年11月至2008年7月设28个采样点对大型无脊椎底栖动物的群落结构特...     

Determination of background concentrations of hydrochemical parameters and water quality assessment in the Akhuryan River Basin (Armenia)

The determination of background values of hydrochemical parameters, to distinguish between natural concentration and anthropogenically-influenced concentrations, is highly relevant. In presented study, to estimate the background values of hydrochemical parameters in Akhuryan River Basin, log-normal probability functions on the hydrochemical parameters concentrations was applied. The study is carried out on the basis of hydrochemical data of surface water quality monitoring for the period of 2010–2013. This study highlights the usefulness of application of site-specific background concentrations for the evaluation, interpretation of surface water quality and for determination of pollution sources.     

磁暴主相多阶发展行星际起因的初步分析

本文利用1998~2006年与磁云有关的80起中强磁暴(Dst*≤-50 nT),对其主相期间不同发展阶数磁暴的行星际起因进行了统计分析.重点研究了鞘区磁场单独作用、磁云本体单独作用、鞘区与磁云共同作用以及其他复杂行星际结构在磁暴主相多阶发展中的相对重要性,并对导致磁暴主相增加一阶的行星际起因做了初步分析.统计结果表明:(1)有一半以上的中强磁暴主相具有多个发展阶段,其中一阶磁暴和多阶磁暴(包括二阶和二阶以上磁暴)在中等磁暴(-100 nTDst*≤-50 nT)中所占比例分别为53.8%和46.2%,在强磁暴(Dst*≤-100 nT)中所占比例分别为42.6%和57.4%;(2)随着磁暴主相发展阶数的增加,磁暴主相的平均持续时间也随之延长;(3)鞘区磁场单独作用、磁云本体单独作用、鞘区与磁云共同作用、磁云与其他行星际结构共同作用都可能引起磁暴主相的多阶发展;(4)有46.5%的多阶磁暴是由鞘区磁场与磁云本体共同作用引起,有34.9%的多阶磁暴是由鞘区磁场单独作用和磁云本体单独作用引起,其余的多阶磁暴是由其他复杂行星际结构引起;(5)在鞘区磁场单独作用的事件中,鞘区磁场结构是影响磁暴主相多阶发展的重要因素之一;(6)磁暴主相的多阶发展与晨昏电场Ey、行星际磁场Bz南向分量的发展密切相关,随着Ey和Bz阶段性的发展,磁暴主相也呈现多阶发展的趋势,且每阶Dst*极小值与该阶Eymax和Bzmin有很好的线性相关性,线性耦合方程分别为Dstmin* =-34.62-11.89×Eymax 和Dstmin* =-5.90+8.50×Bzmin.     

基于随机二元指标的边坡稳定性分析

考虑岩土体抗剪强度参数的变异性,综合极限平衡法和可靠性理论构建了安全系数概率密度分布函数模型。结合实际工程特点,以安全系数大于临界值为标准构建有效区,将有效区安全系数均值与对应可靠度相乘,得到以安全系数和可靠度为随机二元指标的有效安全系数。以有效安全系数为定量指标,将边坡宏观特征现象与定量分析相联系,构建意义更为明确的边坡稳定性分析及评价方法。通过工程实例对比了有效安全系数与传统评价指标之间的差异。所得结论可为工程建设提供参考和借鉴。     

Early microbial biofilm formation on marine plastic debris

An important aspect of the global problem of plastic debris pollution is plastic buoyancy. There is some evidence that buoyancy is influenced by attached biofilms but as yet this is poorly understood. We submerged polyethylene plastic in seawater and sampled weekly for 3 weeks in order to study early stage processes. Microbial biofilms developed rapidly on the plastic and coincided with significant changes in the physicochemical properties of the plastic. Submerged plastic became less hydrophobic and more neutrally buoyant during the experiment. Bacteria readily colonised the plastic but there was no indication that plastic-degrading microorganisms were present. This study contributes to improved understanding of the fate of plastic debris in the marine environment.     

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polychlorinated biphenyls in sediments of southwest Taiwan: regional characteristics and potential sources

Very little information is available on the contamination of coastal sediments of Taiwan by PBDEs and PCBs. In this study, we determined the concentrations of 19 PBDE and 209 PCB congeners in 57 surface sediment samples to identify the possible sources of PBDEs and PCBs. The total PBDE and PCB concentrations ranged from below detection limit to 7.73 ng/g and 0.88-7.13 ng/g, respectively; these values are within the ranges observed for most coastal sediments worldwide. The PBDE congeners were dominated by BDE-209 (50.7-99.7%), with minor contributions from penta- and octa-BDEs. The signatures of PCB congeners suggested that PCB residues in Kaohsiung coast may be the legacy of past use or the result of ongoing inputs from the maintenance, repair and salvage of old ships. Principal component analysis of the congener-specific composition of PBDEs and PCBs revealed distinct regional patterns that are related to the use of commercial products.