定向钻进控制预测技术

定向钻井技术在矿产勘探及开发、煤层气开发中正发挥重大作用。准确预测定向钻井井底井斜和方位角,可降低定向钻井成本,减少定向钻进失误。目前使用的计算方法不利于现场快速准确预测井底轨迹。本文通过对井斜、方位与造斜工具角、造斜井长和造斜率的数据处理技术,建立了井底井斜和方位增量预测模型,与通用定向井公式比,精度高,且可在井场快速预测出定向钻井井底轨迹参数。经土耳其46对对接井实际证明,大大地提高井底预测速度和防止定向钻进失误率,对指导定向钻井现场快速预测具有指导意义。     

城市热岛成因及其对污染物扩散影响的数值模拟

采用大涡模拟方法,通过数值求解可压缩流体的动力学方程和欧拉型的浓度扩散方程,建立了不同的地表模型,将城市地表差异等因素作为地面热通量的边界条件引入,得到了简单区域上的温度场和流场的三维结构,证实了城乡地表差异是引起热岛现象的根本原因之一,成功再现了城市热岛现象,并研究了城市热岛效应的存在对污染物扩散的影响。     

大汶口盆地岩盐对接井钻探施工工艺研究

大汶口盆地蕴藏着丰富的岩盐资源,岩盐矿矿层埋深较深,上覆地层为古近系巨厚的松散泥岩、砂岩,易发生遇水软化,施工难度较大。山东肥城海晶盐化有限公司实施100万t/年卤折盐采输卤工程,实施卤井7组,每组井深约3000 m。定向对接井要求精准定点造斜、连续造斜。本文介绍了对接井施工中采用的关键施工工艺及MWD无线随钻测斜仪在定向钻进中进行钻井轨迹控制的应用实例。对如何在岩盐地层钻进、螺杆钻具应用、定点造斜等关键技术措施进行了详细阐述,以期为同类型卤水对接井项目施工中提供参考。     

河流中污染物衰减系数影响因素分析

污染物衰减系数是反映河流水质污染变化情况、建立水质模型、计算水环境容量的重要参数之一,其确定的合理性直接影响到水环境容量以及水质模型的可靠性。通过查阅有关文献,概述了国内外部分河流的COD和BOD以及氨氮的衰减系数,并分析了影响污染物衰减系数的主要因素,为研究河流水体自净规律、计算水环境容量、区域排污总量控制计划的制定提供科学依据。     

不同气水比对两种人工湿地除污效果的影响

为比较不同气水比下各类型人工湿地的除污效果,选取火山石、炉渣和牡蛎壳作为人工湿地构建基质,研究两种人工湿地(表面流和潜流人工湿地)在不同气水比(0,2,4,6,8)下对污水的净化效果。结果表明:潜流型人工湿地对COD、NH_4~+-N及TP的去除率均高于表面流人工湿地;尤其是在COD的去除过程中,当气水比≥4时,潜流式湿地对污染物的去除效果显著高于表面流人工湿地。此外,适当曝气可显著提高人工湿地对COD、NH_4~+-N及TP的去除率,气水比为4时,表面流和潜流人工湿地对COD及TP的去除率显著高于气水比为0和2时的去除率。对NH_4~+-N而言,表面流和潜流人工湿地分别在气水比为8和6时达到最大去除率。气水比和人工湿地类型的交互作用对污染物的去除率影响不显著,在实际工程中可以忽略组合效应,致力于确定湿地类型及气水比各自对湿地除污效果的最优条件。     

Large-Eddy Simulation of Flow and Pollutant Dispersion in High-Aspect-Ratio Urban Street Canyons with Wall Model

A large-eddy simulation (LES) with a one-equation subgrid-scale (SGS) model was developed to investigate the flow field and pollutant dispersion inside street canyons of high aspect ratio (AR). A 1/7th power-law wall model was implemented near rigid walls to mitigate the demanding near-wall resolution requirements in LES. This LES model had been extensively validated against experimental results for street canyons of AR = 1 and 2 before it was applied to the cases of AR = 3 and 5. A ground-level passive pollutant line source, located in the middle of the street, was used to simulate vehicular emissions. Three and five vertically aligned primary recirculations were developed in the street canyons of AR 3 and 5, respectively. The ground-level mean wind speed was less than 0.5% of the free stream value, which makes it difficult for the pollutant to be transported upward for removal. High pollutant concentration and variance were found near the buildings where the air flow is upwards. It was found that the velocity fluctuation, pollutant concentration and variance were all closely related to the interactions between the primary recirculations and/or the free surface layer. Several quantities, which are non-linear functions of AR, were introduced to quantify the air quality in street canyons of different configurations.     

气象条件对烟囱污染物影响的模拟研究

利用ISC3模型模拟了某电厂不同高度烟囱在不同风速、不同稳定度情况下SO2的最大落地浓度和落地距离。结果表明:在烟囱高度不变的情况下,稳定度不变,如果风速逐渐加大,则SO2最大落地浓度变小,且最大落地距离亦变小;烟囱高度不变且风速不变情况下,稳定度由稳定趋向于不稳定,则SO2最大浓度变小且最大落地距离变小;在风速和稳定度不变的条件下,随着烟囱高度的减小,SO2最大浓度变大且最大落地距离不变;在建烟囱最高高度不宜超过300 m。     

利用微波辐射计对南京2013年12月霾天大气温湿结构的探测分析

利用高时间分辨率的微波辐射计数据分析南京逆温层结构与雾霾天气的关系。首先将南京MP-3000A型地基微波辐射计2013年12月的数据与常规探空资料的温度和相对湿度进行对比,以确定微波辐射计数据的可用性,结果表明:微波辐射计反演的气温与常规探空资料十分接近,而相对湿度的效果则差了很多。再利用微波辐射计对南京市2013年12月的霾天气过程进行分析,发现在受秸秆焚烧的影响阶段(12月1~9日),污染物浓度与逆温层没有明显的相关;在没有秸秆焚烧影响阶段(12月10~31日),污染物浓度变化与逆温层厚度、强度呈显著的滞后正相关,和底高有显著的滞后负相关;定量化分析表明重度污染和中度污染对应的逆温层阈值一致,轻度污染对应的逆温层阈值明显较小。     

The vertical transport of air pollutants by convective clouds Part II: Transport of soluble gases and sensitivity tests

A two-dimensional, non-reactive convective cloud transport model is used to simulate in detail the vertical transport and wet scavenging of soluble pollutant gases by a deep thunderstorm system, Simulations show that for gases with not very high solubility, a deep and intense thunderstorm can still rapidly and efficiently transport them from boundary layer (PBL) up to mid and upper troposphere, resulting in a local significant increase of concentration in the upper layer and a reduction in PBL. Dissolution effects decrease both the incloud gas concentration and the upward net fluxes. The higher the solubility is, the more remarkable the decrease is. However, for very low soluble gases (H < 102 M atm-1), the influences are very slight. In addition, the effects of irreversible dissolution and aqueous reactions in drops on the vertical transport of gaseous pollutants are estimated in extreme.     

Non-linear site response simulations in Chang-Hwa region during the 1999 Chi–Chi earthquake, Taiwan

The destructive 1999 Chi–Chi earthquake (M_w 7.5) was the largest inland earthquake in Taiwan in the 20th century. Several observations witness the non-linear seismic soil response in sediments during the earthquake. In fact, large settlements as well as evidence of liquefaction attested by sand boils and unusual wet ground surface were observed at some sites. In this paper, we present a seismic response simulation performed with CyberQuake software on a site located within the Chang-Hwa Coastal Industrial Park during the 1999 Chi–Chi earthquake in Taiwan. A non-linear multi-kinematic dynamic constitutive model is implemented in the software. Computed NS, EW and UP ground accelerations obtained with this model under undrained and two-phase assumptions, are in good agreement with the corresponding accelerations recorded at seismic station TCU117, either for peak location, amplitudes or frequency content. In these simulations, liquefaction occurs between depths 1.3 and 11.3 m, which correspond to the observed range attested by in place penetration tests and other liquefaction analyses. Moreover, the computed shear wave velocity profile is very close to post-earthquake shear wave velocity profile derived from correlations with CPT and SPT data. Finally, it is shown that in non-linear computations, even though a 1D geometry is considered, it is necessary to take into account the three components of the input motion.