基于VMD和WinLSP相结合的GNSS-R海平面高度估测模型

全球导航卫星系统反射（Global Navigation Satellite System-Reflectometry,GNSS-R）技术是一种新兴的监测海平面高度变化的技术。本文依据GNSS-R技术中的信噪比分析法的原理,通过分析其分离趋势项和提取振荡频率的过程,建立了新的估测模型以提高反演精度。针对传统模型存在的信号分离不佳的问题,本文提出使用变分模态分解（Variational Mode Decomposition,VMD）算法替换传统的最小二乘拟合法（Least Squares Fitting, LSF）进行趋势项分量的分离。在此基础上,本文引入基于凯塞窗函数改进的LSP（Lomb-Scargle Periodogram）频谱分析法（记为WinLSP）来减弱因频谱泄露带来的反演误差。在瑞典翁萨拉的GTGU站和美国阿拉斯加州的SC02站开展的海平面高度反演实验结果表明,本文建立的估测模型相比于传统模型具有更高的反演精度。基于VMD+WinLSP估测模型得到的GTGU站反演结果的均方根误差（RMSE）、相关系数和反演点数分别为4.70 cm、0.98和5 647。与传统的LSF+LSP估测模型相比,反演精度和GNSS数据利用率分别提高了约29.7%和15.0%。SC02站的RMSE、相关系数和反演点数分别为14.34 cm、0.99和1 785,反演精度和GNSS数据利用率分别提高了约12.3%和9.4%。     

Colonization, succession, and nutrition of macrobenthic assemblages in a restored wetland at Tijuana Estuary, California

Modes of colonization, the successional trajectory, and trophic recovery of a macrofaunal community were analyzed over 19 months in the Friendship marsh, a 20-acre restored wetland in Tijuana Estuary, California. Traditional techniques for quantifying macrofaunal communities were combined with emerging stable isotopic approaches for evaluation of trophic recovery, making comparisons with a nearby natural Spartina foliosa habitat. Life history-based predictions successfully identified major colonization modes, although most taxa employed a variety of tactics for colonizing the restored marsh. The presence of S. foliosa did not seem to affect macrofaunal colonization or succession at the scale of this study. However, soil organic matter content in the restored marsh was positively correlated with insect densities, and high initial salinities may have limited the success of early colonists. Total macrofaunal densities recovered to natural marsh levels after 14 months and diversity, measured as species richness and the Shannon index (H′), was comparable to the natural marsh by 19 months. Some compositional disparities between the natural and created communities persisted after 19 months, including lower percentages of surface-feeding polychaetes (Polydora spp.) and higher percentages of dipteran insects and turbellarians in the Friendship marsh. As surficial structural similarity of infaunal communities between the Friendship and natural habitat was achieved, isotopic analyses revealed a simultaneous trajectory towards recovery of trophic structure. Enriched δ¹³C signatures of benthic microalgae and infauna, observed in the restored marsh shortly after establishment compared to natural Spartina habitat, recovered after 19 months. However, the depletion in δ¹⁵N signatures of macrofauna in the Friendship marsh indicated consumption of microalgae, particularly nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria, while macroalgae and Spartina made a larger contribution to macrofaunal diets in the natural habitat. Future successional studies must continue to develop and employ novel combinations of techniques for evaluating structural and functional recovery of disturbed and created habitats.     

The influence of stiffness of the true triaxial testing machine on the rupturing and acoustic emission of rocks and its correlation with seismic activities

This paper introduces how the ratioR of the characteristic stiffness of rock samplevs. the stiffness of testing machines would influence the rupturing process and the acoustic emission (AE) on the part of the tested rock samples. Result of the experiment shows: WhenR>0.20, the rock sample would rupture abruptly; whereas whenR<0.20, the rock samples would rupture slowly. When the samples rupture abruptly, the time-dependent variation of the AE rate takes such a pattern:peak value—stable low values—rises to the maximum value (concentration)—drops back to the minimum value (quiescence)—(rises again)—ruptures. Moreover, smallerR-value tends to be associated with longer quiescence and vice versa. WhenR>1.50, no pre-failure quiescence is detected. When the rock samples rupture slowly, the variation pattern of the AE rate (after the stress has increased to more than 50% of the rupturing stress) is as the following:stable low (or high) values—rises (or drops) to its maximum (or minimum) values and then continues for some time—ruptures. The Chinese version of this paper appeared in the Chinese edition ofActa Seismologica Sinica,13, 223–233, 1991. This study is supported by the Chinese Joint Seismological Science Foundation.     

堤坝管涌的室内试验与颗粒流细观模拟研究

本文对水流垂直方向的堤坝管涌现象分别进行了室内模型模拟和颗粒流模拟实验。在室内模型试验模拟中采用先进的数码成像跟踪设备在细观的尺度上对土样在管涌发生发展的全过程进行了观察和记录,为颗粒流细观模拟提供了必要的细观参数及宏观依据。提出的二维孔隙率与三维孔隙率转换的关系公式很好的将室内模型试验的孔隙率同颗粒流数值模拟结合,运用颗粒流程序采用固液耦合的分析模型对管涌现象作进一步的数值模拟分析。根据模拟结果,分析了管涌产生、发展在颗粒细观尺度的原因,对管涌产生发展中的试样细观变化规律及流速的变化规律进行了分析。这些结果为PFC2D在渗流和渗透破坏等方面的深入研究应用提供了一定的实用依据,同时也为在细观尺度上解释和分析管涌现象提供了一条新的途径。     

应急演练中基于G-R关系的主余型地震余震震级模拟

在现有的日常地震演练过程中,与应急救援密切相关的地震余震信息产品较为缺乏,直接影响发震构造的判断以及影响场修正等关键环节。本文从计算机系统提供的均匀分布随机数出发,运用反函数法模拟生成余震序列,并进行系统检验,证实该方法产生的余震序列满足G-R频次关系。模拟生成的余震震级数据既有助于增强地震应急救援演练的现实性,也有助于丰富地震应急宣传产品,提升地震部门的履职能力。     

全二维气相色谱-电子捕获检测器测定复杂基质土壤中24种有机氯和拟除虫菊酯类农药

目前针对环境样品中有机氯和拟除虫菊酯类农药的检测方法主要有气相色谱法和气相色谱-质谱法（GC-MS）,由于气相色谱法采用电子捕获检测器从而具有较高的灵敏度,在污染物的环境行为研究中得到广泛应用,GC-MS法的定性效果好,但检测灵敏度相对偏低。本文研究了2018年土壤详查江苏地区样品中有机氯农药和拟除虫菊酯的残留状况,结果显示,即使经过多次净化仍有20%的样品存在假阳性或基质干扰现象。为了提高定性准确度,同时保证检测灵敏度,实验建立了复杂基质土壤中20种有机氯农药和4种拟除虫菊酯的全二维气相色谱-电子捕获检测器检测方法,最终选择中等极性的TG-35MS为第一色谱柱,非极性的（DB-1）为第二色谱柱,将鲜样与无水硫酸钠混合均匀后,以正己烷-丙酮（1：1,V/V）为提取剂进行索氏提取,采用全二维气相色谱-电子捕获检测器进行检测,外标法定量。各物质的质量浓度均在1.0~500μg/L内与其峰面积呈线性关系,相关系数均大于0.995,检出限为0.02~0.17μg/kg。用标准加入法进行回收实验,测得回收率为80.7%~103.5%,测定值的相对标准偏差（n=6）为1.84%~10.12%。本方法将高灵敏度检测器与全二维色谱相结合,在保证检测灵敏度的同时增加了峰容量,有效去除了基质干扰。相比2018年土壤详查参考方法HJ 835—2017的检出限0.02~0.09mg/kg（全扫模式）,本方法检出限显著降低,且操作简单,可为复杂基质样品中的痕量超痕量检测提供参考。     

结晶岩的水化膨胀研究

室温下的应变实验表明 ,低孔隙度的结晶岩如花岗岩、片麻岩、闪长岩和变基性岩 ,水饱和时膨胀 ,干燥时收缩 ,这种效应是可重复的 .用水的吸附和解吸 （在相对湿度下 ） ,也可以观察到膨胀和收缩 .膨胀效应是由于表面力 （VanderWaals吸引、双电层排斥及溶剂化排斥 ）引起的 .水饱和体应变约为其孔隙度的 1 /1 0 .用庚烷饱和的体应变比用水饱和的小 .用CaCl2 溶液饱和的应变随着盐克分子浓度的增加而减小 .杨氏模量E、切变模量G、品质因数Q的准静态测量表明 ,随着相对湿度的增加 ,E、G、Q减少 ,吸附水的增加改变了孔隙内表面分子的相互作用力 .大约在岩石孔隙表面吸附达到 3个水分子层时 ,可观察到最强烈的膨胀效应 .     

扩径率与入岩深度对岩基挖孔基础抗拔承载特性影响的试验研究

扩径率和入岩深度是影响岩基挖孔基础抗拔承载特性的两个重要因素。通过开展8个不同扩径率、不同入岩深度挖孔基础的现场真型上拔静载试验,从荷载位移变化规律、抗拔承载力和地基岩体破坏模式三方面分析了扩径率与入岩深度对基础抗拔承载特性的影响,结果表明扩径率对荷载位移曲线初始线性阶段影响显著。采用图解法分别获得代表基础低、中、高3种承载能力的抗拔承载力QL1、QDLI、QL2,分析表明,随着扩径率与入岩深度的增加,基础抗拔承载力均有不同程度提高,但两种因素对基础承载力影响机制不同,扩径率可明显提高初始弹性阶段的承载力QL1,而入岩深度可明显提高塑性阶段的承载力QDLI和QL2。通过分析地基破坏时地表岩体裂缝的分布特征,得出岩基中上拔岩体的破坏模式与基础结构型式无关,均是从基底开始出现裂缝,沿着一定角度的开口延伸至地面,直至地基发生破坏,并且破坏范围随着入岩深度的增加而减小。综合考虑基础施工安全性、经济性和机械化程度,建议优先选择加深入岩深度的措施来提高基础抗拔承载力。     

阻尼连体结构地震响应影响参数研究

针对阻尼连体结构,采用串并联质点系层模型,沿连体设置方向施加El Centro1940地震波,讨论了毗邻结构自振周期比与连接体阻尼刚度变化对阻尼连体结构地震响应的影响。研究结果表明:毗邻结构自振周期比与连体阻尼刚度对结构的地震响应影响较大,存在一个使结构地震响应为最优的周期比与阻尼刚度值,为实际工程应用和研究提供一些参考。     

塔里木盆地寒武系—奥陶系白云岩稀土元素特征及其成因意义

塔里木盆地寒武系—奥陶系白云岩是重要的油气储集层,按能反映成因的结构构造特征将其分为4类,即泥晶—粉晶白云岩、藻纹层白云岩、斑状白云岩及重结晶白云岩。通过分析各类白云岩的稀土元素组成特征,并结合岩石学研究,探讨了各类白云岩成岩流体性质及其水岩比的相对大小。4类白云岩的ΣREE差别较大,但稀土元素配分模式均具LREE轻微富集、HREE亏损、Eu负异常且与海相泥晶灰岩相似的特征,其稀土元素配分模式主要受海水的影响。4类白云岩经受的成岩作用差别明显,但REE迁移行为类似,无明显分馏。泥晶—粉晶白云岩中ΣREE平均值为51.55×10-6,与泥晶灰岩相近,其ΣREE主要受控于原岩,受后期成岩作用的影响相对较小,其成岩过程的水岩比较小。藻纹层白云岩的ΣREE平均值为21.37×10-6,不及海相泥晶灰岩的1/2;岩石学及地球化学资料反映其成因与藻类密切相关,其低ΣREE可能是由ΣREE极低的藻类参与白云岩化所致,后期成岩改造作用对其影响并不明显。斑状白云岩的ΣREE平均值为28.89×10-6,远低于泥晶灰岩及泥晶—粉晶白云岩,反映其白云岩化过程的水岩比远高于泥晶—粉晶白云岩。重结晶白云岩的ΣREE平均值为13.64×10-6,不及泥晶灰岩的1/4,在4类白云岩中最低,岩石学特征表明此类白云岩经受了白云岩化及后期强烈重结晶2期主要成岩作用,而这2期成岩作用均需极高的水岩比,此类白云岩的稀土元素组成特征主要是这2期成岩作用叠加的结果,其低ΣREE值可能是大量ΣREE含量极低的成岩流体改造的结果。