岩溶地下水样品Ca2+、HCO3-野外测试值与实验室测试值对比研究

为了阐明岩溶区地下水中Ca2+、HCO3-质量浓度野外测试与实验室测试结果间的差异,于2011年至2013年先后在遵义、河池、娄底3个城市采集枯、丰水期地下水样品85组,通过比值法对3个地区干湿季节岩溶地下水样中Ca2+、HCO3-质量浓度野外与实验室测试结果进行对比。结果表明:85组样品中有88.2%的采样点存在Ca2+野外值（CaY）大于实验值（CaS）,64.7%的采样点存在HCO3-的野外值(HCO3Y)大于实验值（HCO3S); (CaY/ CaS)平均值为1.11,主要集中在1.0～1.2之间(占总数的70%);(HCO3Y/ HCO3S) 平均值为1.02,主要集中在0.95～1.1之间(占总数的75%)。野外滴定过程中的人为随机误差是造成两种离子质量浓度野外测试值普遍高于实验室测试值的主要原因。      

Field calibration and performance of sediment traps in a eutrophic holomictic lake

In wind-stressed and unstratified Lough Neagh low aspect ratio sediment traps, which allow for internal resuspension, collected sediment at a rate close to the natural sediment accumulation rate inferred from dated sediment cores. High aspect ratio traps grossly overestimated the natural rate of sediment accumulation as did, but to a lesser extent, burial rate measurements on an artificial stratigraphic marker. The former type of trap deployed over long exposure periods is therefore recommended as providing the best estimate of net downward particle flux in lakes such as Lough Neagh. However, it is emphasized that all sediment trap types, when operated in shallow turbulent lakes, will to a greater or lesser extent be contaminated by secondary or redeposited material and so will not provide a direct measure of primary sedimentation. Use of tube traps in lakes such as Lough Neagh should not, however, be discounted since they can provide a record of the quality of sedimenting material through time.     

A Comparative Study of Landsat‐7 and Landsat‐8 Data Using Image Processing Methods for Hydrothermal Alteration Mapping

Comparing spaceborne satellite images of Landsat‐8 Operational Land Imager (OLI) and Landsat‐7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper plus (ETM+) was undertaken to investigate the relative accuracy of mapping hydrothermal alteration minerals. The study investigated the northern part of Rabor, which contains copper mineralization occurrences, and is located in the Kerman Cenozoic magmatic assemblage (KCMA), Iran. Image processing methods of band ratio, principal component analysis (PCA), and spectral angle mapper (SAM) were used to map the distribution of hydrothermally altered rocks associated with the porphyry copper mineralization. The band ratio combination of both sensors for mapping altered areas showed similar outcomes. PCA exposed variations in the spatial distribution of hydroxyl‐bearing minerals. The representation of hydrothermal areas using OLI data was more satisfactory than when using ETM+ data. SAM analysis found similar results for mapping hydroxyl‐bearing zones. Verification of the results came through ground investigation and laboratory studies. Rock samples (n = 56) were collected to validate results using thin sections, X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and spectral analyses. Field observations and laboratory analysis revealed that phyllic and propylitic alterations dominate the alteration zones in the study area. Argillic and iron oxides/hydroxides alterations were observed to a lesser degree. The results indicate that alteration maps prepared by OLI data using PCA for visual interpretation are more suitable than those of ETM+ due to a higher radiometric resolution and lower interference between vegetation and altered areas. As the spectral bandwidth of ETM+ band 7 covers absorption feature of propylitic alteration, better mapping of propylitic alterations is achieved using ETM+ data.     

New data on Sr-and C-isotopic chemostratigraphy of the Upper Riphean type section (Southern Urals)

New data on Sr-and C-isotopic systematics of carbonate rocks from the Upper Riphean stratotype (Karatau Group of the southern Urals) are obtained for several southwestern sections of the Bashkirian meganticlinorium, which have not been studied before. The results obtained supplement the Sr-and C-isotopic information for the group upper horizons thus detailing chemostratigraphic characterization of the entire succession. Limestone and dolostone samples used to analyze the Sr isotope composition satisfy strict geochemical criteria of the isotopic system retentivity and have been subjected to preliminary treatment in ammonium acetate to remove secondary carbonate phases. Data on 255 samples of carbonate rocks (171 studied for the first time) show that δ¹³C value varies in the Karatau Group succession from ?2.8 to +5.9 ‰ V-PDB with several in-phase excursions from the general trend in all the sections studied in the area 90 × 130 km. The δ¹³C variation trend demarcates several levels in the carbonate succession of the Karatau Group suitable for objectives of regional stratigraphy and for C-isotope chemostratigraphic subdivision of the Upper Riphean. The results of Sr isotopic analysis of 121 samples (51 unstudied before) from the Karatau Group imply that rocks in its lower part (the Katav Formation and basal horizon of the Inzer Formation) experienced considerable secondary alterations, while limestones and dolostones of the overlying interval of the group are frequently unaltered. In the “best” samples satisfying geochemical criteria of the isotopic system retentivity, the ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr initial ratio increases from 0.70521–0.70532 in the lower Inzer deposits to 0.70611 in the upper Min’yar carbonates, decreasing to <0.70600 near the top of the latter. Above the regional hiatus separating the Min’yar and Uk formation, this ratio grows from 0.70533 to 0.70605–0.70609 in the limestone succession of the last formation.     

非饱和土地基中复合多层波阻板对S波的隔离效应

基于弹性波在非饱和多孔介质与单相弹性介质中的传播理论,考虑在非饱和土地基中设置一定厚度的复合多层波阻板（复合多层波阻板以3层为例）,利用Helmholtz矢量分解定理,推导了非饱和土地基中S波通过复合多层波阻板的透射、反射振幅比的解析解。通过数值算例,分析了层间波阻板剪切模量和密度等物理力学参数对非饱和土地基中S波通过复合多层波阻板时传播特性的影响规律。结果表明：复合多层波阻板中层间波阻板材料的剪切模量和密度对透反射系数影响显著。复合多层波阻板是一种有效的隔振屏障,严格控制层间波阻板的剪切模量和密度可以获得最佳隔振效果,这为复合多层波阻板在地基振动控制领域中的应用提供理论指导。     

基于现场实测的缓倾硬性结构面连通率统计

通过对缓倾角硬性结构面数据的分析、判别,现场实测结构面几何特征的各基本要素,如结构面坐标、结构面产状、结构面间距、结构面的连续性、结构面迹长等,运用三维空间投影图解,最终求解结构面连通率,取代以往现场用线连通率经验判断的传统模式。本方法已应用于水电工程施工过程,效果良好。     

基于季节冻土微观结构特征的神经网络冻胀率仿真预测

为了寻求基于宏观-微观物理参数间接得到季节冻土冻胀率的途径, 根据现有技术手段容易测试到土的性质参数, 利用BP神经网络法对季节冻土冻胀率进行预测. 选取微观孔隙参数及结构单元体参数各4个、 外部条件参数3个共11个参数, 建立季节冻土冻胀率神经网络预测模型. 结果表明: 在33个检验样本中, 误差最大为0.19, 最小为0.00, 有4个样本的误差在0.1~0.19之间, 其他样本误差都在0.05以下, 占总样本数的88%, 说明模型能反映冻胀变化的基本趋势. 因此, 文中建立的基于11个宏观微观物理参数的BP神经网络冻胀率预测模型是可行的.     

基于Hock-Brown强度准则的高应力判据理论分析

如何评价工程岩体中赋存的应力状态一直是工程设计人员所要面对的基本问题之一.应力状态评价需综合考虑岩体强度和岩体中赋存的应力两个要素,其评价结果反映了地下结构围岩在二次应力场作用下满足岩体强度准则时可能的变形破坏响应.通过对前人研究成果的分析,总结出高应力作用下地下结构的基本变形破坏规律.利用Hoek-Brown强度准则...     

扩径率与入岩深度对岩基挖孔基础抗拔承载特性影响的试验研究

扩径率和入岩深度是影响岩基挖孔基础抗拔承载特性的两个重要因素。通过开展8个不同扩径率、不同入岩深度挖孔基础的现场真型上拔静载试验,从荷载位移变化规律、抗拔承载力和地基岩体破坏模式三方面分析了扩径率与入岩深度对基础抗拔承载特性的影响,结果表明扩径率对荷载位移曲线初始线性阶段影响显著。采用图解法分别获得代表基础低、中、高3种承载能力的抗拔承载力QL1、QDLI、QL2,分析表明,随着扩径率与入岩深度的增加,基础抗拔承载力均有不同程度提高,但两种因素对基础承载力影响机制不同,扩径率可明显提高初始弹性阶段的承载力QL1,而入岩深度可明显提高塑性阶段的承载力QDLI和QL2。通过分析地基破坏时地表岩体裂缝的分布特征,得出岩基中上拔岩体的破坏模式与基础结构型式无关,均是从基底开始出现裂缝,沿着一定角度的开口延伸至地面,直至地基发生破坏,并且破坏范围随着入岩深度的增加而减小。综合考虑基础施工安全性、经济性和机械化程度,建议优先选择加深入岩深度的措施来提高基础抗拔承载力。