南平市红星滑坡泥石流特征及成因

该滑坡泥石流特征为,流域面积小,流程短,规模小,以坡面型为主,多由滑坡崩塌转化而来,发生频率低,突发性强,危害大。文章揭示在植被覆盖的花岗岩地区,持续强降雨引发群发性浅层土质滑坡,在斜坡微凹处或小沟谷,易转化成泥石流,形成灾害链。对该类型滑坡泥石流特征及成因进行分析,为福建省乃至全国同类型滑坡-泥石流的防治提供经验。     

基于LAHARZ的泥石流堆积范围预测模型的建立及应用

为了探究泥石流的堆积范围,利用LAHARZ软件,对北京市密云县泥石流沟喇嘛栅子南沟进行了数值模拟。结合泥石流沟小流域1：10 000数字高程模型图,模拟了泥石流的堆积范围。首先利用中国部分地区泥石流体积和堆积范围的数据资料,获得了泥石流体体积与其堆积范围的新的统计模型B=11.42V^0.7156;然后通过模拟沟道与实际沟道的对比,确定了最佳沟道阈值为15 000;再结合现场调查统计和降雨历史资料,确定了10年、20年、50年和100年一遇暴雨条件的泥石流体积值,分别为56 500、72 900、94 200和113 100 m³;最后在此基础上对该条泥石流沟的堆积范围进行了预测。结果表明,100年一遇的暴雨条件下泥石流堆积面积为48 729 m²,到达最远距离约为490 m,已影响下游村庄。     

Distorted Froude‐scaled flume analysis of large woody debris

This paper presents the results of a movable‐boundary, distorted, Froude‐scaled hydraulic model based on Abiaca Creek, a sand‐bedded channel in northern Mississippi. The model was used to examine the geomorphic and hydraulic impact of simplified large woody debris (LWD) elements. The theory of physical scale models is discussed and the method used to construct the LWD test channel is developed. The channel model had bed and banks moulded from 0·8 mm sand, and flow conditions were just below the threshold of motion so that any sediment transport and channel adjustment were the result of the debris element. Dimensions and positions of LWD elements were determined using a debris jam classification model. Elements were attached to a dynamometer to measure element drag forces, and channel adjustment was determined through detailed topographic surveys. The fluid drag force on the elements decreased asymptotically over time as the channel boundary eroded around the elements due to locally increased boundary shear stress. Total time for geomorphic adjustment computed for the prototype channel at the Q₂ discharge (discharge occurring once every two years on average) was as short as 45 hours. The size, depth and position of scour holes, bank erosion and bars created by flow acceleration past the elements were found to be related to element length and position within the channel cross‐section. Morphologies created by each debris element in the model channel were comparable with similar jams observed in the prototype channel. Published in 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Empirical predictors of annual bed load travel distance,and implications for salmonid habitat restoration and protection

Measurements of annual travel distance (L_b) of bed load sediment at 16 locations in Alaska, the intermountain USA, west coast USA and Scotland are strongly correlated with bankfull channel width (r² = 0·86, p < 0·001). Travel distance of particles is probably limited by trapping in bars, which have a longitudinal spacing proportional to channel width. Increased abundance of woody debris reduces bar spacing and may reduce L_b. Longer cumulative duration of bed load transporting flows in a year appears to increase L_b. Other predictors of annual travel distance such as stream power per unit length, drainage area and bankfull discharge were less well correlated with L_b (r² ranging from 0·27 to 0·51). Stream power per unit bed area, basal shear stress and slope were not significantly related to L_b (r² < 0·05). Most correlations were improved when regressions were limited to data from the west coast USA. Travel distance estimates can be used to help identify reaches that may take longer to recover from large, short‐term increases in sediment supply. Published in 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

西宁盆地泥石流类型及其防治意见

概略地叙述了西宁地区的泥石流形成条件和形成机理,并将西宁地区泥石流划分为稀性泥石流类及泥石质泥石流种类。在此基础上提出防治泥石流灾害的意见。     

蒙山八字峪砾石堆积堤的地貌成因和年代初探

山东蒙山八字峪(亦有人称为瑶池)砾石堆积堤不连续对称分布于出山沟口,沿流向延伸,具有弧形或舌状沉积的典型特征.2020年10月在蒙山八字峪砾石堆积堤测量了56块砾石组构,并在叠置砾石隙间采集到4个树干14C测年样品.研究结果如下:①八字峪堆积垄岗砾石组构、沉积构造、地貌组合等标志,均指向其为山洪泥石流堆积物;②缺少扇形...     

碎石土滑坡的因素敏感性计算分析

通过资料搜集整理和分析、现场工程地质调查与勘探和室内外的物理力学试验,采用弹塑性接触有限元强度折减法、不平衡推力法和数理统计分析法,结合工程实例,分析了影响碎石土滑坡各因素的敏感性,结果表明,按因素敏感度从大到小排列,主要影响碎石土滑坡稳定性的因素依次为滑面岩土体内摩擦角、地形坡度、滑体饱水面积比和滑面岩土体的内聚力。地形坡度大、具有低内摩擦角滑面的碎石土滑坡的整体稳定性较差,而连续降雨、强降雨会抬高地下水位增大滑体饱水面积比,降低滑面带岩土体抗剪强度,增加下滑力,对碎石土滑坡的稳定性将产生最不利的影响。同时,在对碎石土滑坡进行加固处理时,必须优先考虑采取提高滑面等效内摩擦角、降低地形坡度结合降低地下水位措施,其次考虑采取提高滑面岩土体内聚力的措施。     

都汶公路沿线泥石流危险性评价

汶川地震诱发的次生泥石流灾害,已成为灾区防灾减灾工作的突出问题和灾后恢复重建的重要制约因素之一,泥石流危险性评价是泥石流灾害风险管理的核心基础技术。以都汶公路沿线的31条泥石流沟为研究对象,通过野外考察、遥感图像的解译、查阅相关文献资料等手段获取研究区泥石流沟的基础数据,通过选取地质、地形、气象、水文指标,并利用主成分分析法对关键因子进行筛选和灰色系统模型进行权重的确定,建立泥石流危险性评价模型,计算得到每条沟的泥石流危险度值。评价结果表明:公路沿线31条泥石流沟处于不同泥石流危险等级:极高危险占23%,高危险占35%,中度危险占13%,轻度危险占29%;其中红椿沟、肖家沟、烧房沟等沟属于泥石流极高危险沟道,高家沟、牛圈沟等属于高度危险沟道,公路选线须采取避让或充分的防治对策。     

Slump debris flows in the Akovolwo Mountains area of Benue State,Nigeria

In September 1979, rain-induced complex landslides occurred in two separate localities along the slopes of the Akovolwo Mountains near Jato-Aka in the Kwande Local Government area of Benue State, Nigeria.The two movements developed on bedrock slopes covered by a veneer of colluvium and (or) residuum no more than 1.5 to 2m deep. Each started as a slump and graduated into a debris flow. The slump, extending downhill a short distance away from the head scarp, had been reconstituted into a debris flow as the initial movement (sliding movement) of the soil mass caused remoulding of the saturated moving mass into viscous debris-laden mud. The resulting mass moved partly along a pre-existing mountain stream channel and partly along a fresh channel it cleared in the savanna forest. At the break of slope, the mass of boulders was dumped and a trail of smaller fragments littered the channels towards the Katsina-Ala River.     

四川省宁南县城后山泥石流激发雨强

根据宁南县城后山垂直剖面观测资料，对本区降雨的垂直变化及泥石流激发雨强作了探讨。当地暴雨泥石流发生所需的１０分钟雨强ｉ＿（１０ｍｉｎ）和前期降水量Ｐａ组合为：：ｉ＿（１０ｍｉｎ）≥１５ｍｍ∩Ｐａ≥５０ｍｍ，或ｉ＿（ｍｉｎ）≥１０ｍｍ∩Ｐａ≥６５ｍｍ，或ｉ＿（１０ｍｉｎ）≥５ｍｍ∩Ｐａ≥９０ｍｍ。超过上述各组合值就有可能暴发泥石流。