一次华南—江南持续暴雨的大尺度水汽场和中尺度特大暴雨模拟诊断分析

按天气学方法,对2010年6月华南—江南持续暴雨作大尺度水汽场诊断分析,同时用三重嵌套WRF中尺度模式,模拟6月19—20日"高空槽-西南涡-切变线-低空急流"系统造成的江南特大暴雨过程,并且对模拟中尺度暴雨雨带和雨团作高时空分辨率诊断分析。诊断物理量包括:可降水量、对流可降水量、水汽及云水、云冰通量和通量散度、水汽权重平均风速、凝结函数降水率等。模拟与诊断分析表明,华南江南持续性暴雨大尺度水汽场特征是,因东亚"中高纬度正距平中低纬度负距平副高偏强偏西季风槽异常活动",造成孟加拉湾和南海上空的大尺度水汽进入大陆;中尺度特大暴雨发生在上游区有暖湿急流、并处于风场辐合的"水汽+云水+云冰"(总水物质)饱和高值区;因凝结函数降水率和总水物质通量散度降水率均为风场(散度场)中垂直运动产物,模拟的凝结函数降水率随模式时空分辨率提高而逐渐逼近于模式的显式降水物理过程,当模式分辨率达到4 km,可模拟出"西南涡切变线"系统中,有凝结函数降水率为1~3 mm·min~(-1)的中尺度雨团生消;且模式大气中的云水、云冰碰并增长降水率,可用其通量散度描述,并且应与凝结函数降水率相叠加。从而表明,模拟中尺度雨带和雨团发生、发展的天气学动力因素,只能是天气系统风场,即是模式的高时空分辨率散度场决定模式大气垂直运动,进而决定凝结函数降水率和总水物质通量散度降水率,它们一起构成了模式显式降水(率)。     

桂西北一次超级单体风暴过程的分析

本文利用常规观测资料和多普勒天气雷达资料,对2009年4月12日发生在广西西北部的大范围冰雹天气进行分析,得出以下结论：（1）导致冰雹发生的天气系统是高空低涡和低层切变线,冰雹发生前上午百色探空站有中等对流有效位能、上干下湿层结结构、强的深层垂直环境风切变,速度矢图上低层强的顺时针旋转曲率,已经具备强对流潜势发生条件。（2）超级单体右前方的低层反射率因子呈现明显的钩状回波,是超级单体风暴的典型特征之一。反射率因子垂直剖面呈现出典型的有界弱回波区、回波悬垂和回波墙。最大的回波强度出现在沿着回波墙的一个竖直的狭长区域,其值超过65 dBz。相应的中低层径向速度图呈现一个中等强度的中气旋,旋转速度达到22 m·s-;垂直累积液态水含量和密度分别超过70kg·m~（-2）和5 g·m~（-3）。（3）高空低涡正涡度区、高CAPE值、地面辐合线在右江河谷滞留以及特殊地形作用,是多个对流单体沿相似路径移动的主要原因。     

浙江省春季至夏初飑线分型及对比分析

根据大尺度背景场的差异,将影响浙江省的七次飑线过程分为两种类型:冷涡类西北气流型和槽前西南急流型。通过环境场和雷达结构特征提炼异同点,结果表明:飑线系统发生在高空槽配合地面低压发展的有利环境场,对流层中高层相对干冷的平流叠加在低层暖湿气流之上,在对流发展区建立显著的条件不稳定层结。西北气流型由东亚大槽后干冷平流的强迫作用及925 hPa至地面辐合线触发产生,生命史长、强度强是主要特点;西南急流型飑线多发生在江淮低压冷锋南下型的地面形势场,西北东南移向的飑线主要由锋前低压系统内的冷暖交汇加上锋面抬升触发,而西南东北移向的飑线由西南急流强迫产生,低层西南急流脉动或风速辐合、地面辐合线等为触发抬升条件。T_850-500大于27 ℃,可以较好表征雷暴大风天气的环境场,B_li、B_CAPE等指示意义显著,而K指数和S_i指数对西北气流型飑线无指示意义。强的环境风垂直切变有利于飑线回波的组织化及回波垂直结构的倾斜;径向速度场的大风速区和MARC特征是飑线的共同特征,大风速区能直观地判断大风的位置和强度;阵风锋易出现在自北向南的强对流系统中,和阵风锋相交的回波强度强,持续久,易产生冰雹;冰雹回波在径向速度图上通常存在强的切变辐合或中气旋等共同特征。      

Model simulations of mesoscale eddies and deep convection in the Labrador Sea

Deep convection in the Labrador Sea is confined within a small region in the southwest part of the basin.The strength of deep convection in this region is related to the local atmospheric and ocean characteristics,which favor processes of deep convection preconditioning and intense air-sea exchange during the winter season.In this study,we explored the effect of eddy-induced flux transport on the stratification of the Labrador Sea and the properties of deep convection.Simulations from an eddy-resolving ocean model are presented for the Labrador Sea.The general circulation was well simulated by the model,including the seasonal cycle of the deep Labrador Current.The simulated distribution of the surface eddy kinetic energy was also close to that derived from Topex-Poseidon satellite altimeter data,but with smaller magnitude.The energy transfer diagnostics indicated that Irminger rings are generated by both baroclinic and barotropic processes; however,when they propagate into the interior basin,the barotropic process also disperses them by converting the eddy energy to the mean flow.In contrast to eddy-permitting simulations,deep convection in the Labrador Sea was better represented in the eddyresolving model regarding their lateral position.Further analysis indicated that the improvement might be due to the lateral eddy flux associated with the resolved Irminger rings in the eddy-resolving model,which contributes to a realistic position of the isopycnal dome in the Labrador Sea and correspondingly a realistic site of deep convection.     

四川盆地西南缘二叠系页岩铜银矿床地质地球化学特征和流体对流成矿机制

四川盆地西南缘乐山—沐川地区的页岩铜银矿床产于上二叠统宣威组上部。地质和常量元素、稀土元素、热释光等地球化学证据表明, 页岩铜银矿床形成于成岩期,成矿流体和成矿物质主要来源于下伏的峨嵋山玄武岩。流体动力学分析表明成矿流体是以单环对流方式进行迁移,流体在玄武岩中迁移并淋滤Ｃｕ 、Ａｇ 金属形成含矿流体,沿西侧基底隆起上升,然后沿宣威组向盆地中心横向迁移,在盆地中部下渗返回玄武岩中形成一个长约１５ ｋｍ 、高约３００ ｍ 的近水平的对流环。进一步的分析与计算表明,该区具有良好的形成中型铜、大型银页岩矿床的地质、构造和流体动力学条件,但难以形成超大型的页岩铜银矿床。     

矿井通风对多年冻土井筒围岩热影响的数值分析 (Ⅰ): 入风井筒风温的变化规律

多年冻土区蕴藏着丰富的矿产资源, 矿业开发已成为多年冻土区经济发展的主要产业之一, 但是其开采过程将不可避免地受到冻土的影响, 也造成多年冻土区生态环境恶化的影响. 在西部大开发的进程中, 能源需求量逐渐增加, 而多年冻土区矿山露天开采量逐渐减少, 开展多年冻土区矿山地下开采相关的研究工作显得尤为迫切. 基于前人在非冻土区的相关研究成果, 结合位于多年冻土区的江仓矿区气象资料, 利用MATLAB软件编写入风井筒风温计算程序, 并引入临界温度的概念研究入风井筒风温的变化规律, 确定了影响因素, 获得了矿井通风与多年冻土井筒围岩的对流换热边界条件中风流温度的拟合函数, 其计算方法和结果为下一步采用数值模拟的方法研究矿井通风对多年冻土井筒围岩的热影响提供了参考依据.     

Speculations on evolution of the terrestrial lithosphere–asthenosphere system—Plumes and plates

In the early Earth, accretionary impact heating, including collision with a large, Mars-sized object, decay of short-lived radioisotopes, and (after an initial thermal run-up) continuous segregation of the liquid Fe–Ni core resulted in extensive the melting of the silicate mantle and in the formation of a near-surface magma mush ocean. Progressive, continuous degassing and chemical–gravitational differentiation of the crust–mantle system accompanied this Hadean stage, and has gradually lessened during the subsequent cooling of the planet. Mantle and core overturn was vigorous in the Hadean Earth, reflecting deep-seated chemical heterogeneities and concentrations of primordial heat. Hot, bottom-up mantle convection, including voluminous plume ascent, efficiently rid the planet of much thermal energy, but gradually decreased in importance with the passage of time. Formation of lithospheric scum began when planetary surface temperatures fell below those of basalt and peridotite solidi. Thickening and broadening of lithospheric plates are inferred from the post-Hadean rock record. Developmental stages of mantle circulation included: (a) 4.5–4.4 Ga, early, chaotic magma ocean circulation involving an incipient or pre-plate regime; (b) 4.4–2.7 Ga, growth of small micro-oceanic and microcontinental platelets, all returned to the mantle prior to 4.0 Ga, but increasing in size and progressively suturing sialic crust-capped lithospheric amalgams at and near the surface over time; (c) 2.7–1.0 Ga, assembly of cratons surmounting larger, supercontinental plates; and (d) 1.0 Ga–present, modern, laminar-flowing asthenospheric cells capped by gigantic, Wilson-cycle lithospheric plates. Restriction of komatiitic lavas to the Archean, and of ophiolite complexes ± alkaline igneous rocks, high-pressure and ultrahigh-pressure metamorphic terranes to progressively younger Proterozoic–Phanerozoic orogenic belts supports the idea that planetary thermal relaxation promoted the increasingly negative buoyancy of cooler oceanic lithosphere. The Thickening of oceanic plates enhanced the gravitational instability and the consequent overturn of the outer Earth as cold, top-down oceanic mantle convection. The scales and dynamics of deep-seated asthenospheric circulation, and of lithospheric foundering + shallow asthenospheric return flow evidently have evolved gradually over geologic time in response to the progressive cooling of the Earth.     

青藏高原-天山地区岩石层构造运动的地幔动力学机制

利用全球重力大地水准面异常、板块绝对运动及全球地震层析成像数据,计算了青藏高原-天山地区岩石层下部地幔大尺度对流格局以及此种尺度对流驱动下岩石层内应力场分布;同时,利用区域均衡重力异常数据反演青藏高原中、北部到天山地区上地幔小尺度对流模型．结果表明,大尺度的地幔物质运移过程可能驱动着中国大陆岩石层整体从西部以南北方向为主的运动转向东部地区以北东和南东方向的运动;而该区域上地幔小尺度上升流动支持了现代青藏高原和天山地区的抬升运动．提出和讨论了青藏高原隆升的“断离隆升-挤压隆升-对流隆升”三阶段模式,并探讨了大陆岩石层构造运动的地幔深部动力学背景．     

Equatorial spread-F initiation: Post-sunset vortex, thermospheric winds, gravity waves

We present experimental evidence and modeling results which indicate that eastward thermospheric wind is the primary controlling factor of equatorial spread-F initiation in the post-sunset ionosphere. Eastward wind-driven Pedersen currents are able to polarize F-region density perturbations with westward tilting wavefronts into rapidly growing modes to trigger the formation of spread-F bubbles. The described process is so rapid that seeding requirements of spread-F initiation by external factors such as gravity waves are effectively eliminated.     

NATURE OF PRECIPITATION AND ACTIVITY OF CUMULUS CONVECTION DURING THE 1991 MEIYU SEASON OF CHANGJIANG-HUAIHE RIVER BASIN

Seasonal variability regarding the nature of precipitation and the activity of cumulus convectionduring the 1991 Meiyu season of Changjiang-Huaihe River Basin(Jianghuai)has been investigatedby calculating apparent heat source/apparent moisture sink and analyzing TBB(cloud-topblackbody radiation temperature)data.It is found that three periods of strong ascending motionduring the Meiyu season lead to three episodes of heavy rain,and the latent heat due to theprecipitation is of the sole heat source of the atmosphere.The nature of precipitation showsdistinct seasonal variability,from frontal precipitation of the first episode to the extremely strongconvective precipitation of the third episode.TBB field of East Asia may well reflect not only theintensity of convection and rainfall,but also the movement of rain belt and convection belt.In thewhole Meiyu season.convection belt mainly stays in Jianghuai.but may shift within the domain ofEast Asia.Its locating in Jianghuai or not determines the maintenance or break of Meiyu.In thethird episode,the narrow convection belt over Jianghuai is mainly caused by southwest monsoonwhich takes moist and convective atmosphere from tropical ocean.