植物生长调节剂对几种饵料微藻的影响

本文研究三种植物生长调节剂对4种饵料微藻的生长、叶绿素含量、细胞大小、干重及氨基酸含量的影响;结果表明:丰产素,2,4—D对叉鞭金藻,青岛大扁藻有显著的促进生长作用,尤其是在低温下也能有效地促进其生长,并能保持其营养价值。     

海洋细菌B-9987 胞外代谢产物的纯化及抑菌机理初探

由渤海海泥中分离得到 30 0株菌株 ,从中筛选获得海洋生境芽孢杆菌B 9987菌株 ,其胞外物质经乙醚萃取、硅胶G薄层层析、官能团显色反应及紫外扫描 ,测其组分 ;以不同浓度B 9987菌株的抑菌液测定对植物病原真菌的抑制效果。结果表明 ,B 9987菌株的胞外抑菌物质可能是酚类化合物 ;该物质对植物病原真菌茄交镰孢菌、大丽轮枝菌、黄枝孢菌、立枯丝核菌的抑制作用 ,主要是造成真菌孢子或菌丝末端膨大成球状 ,继而胞壁崩解 ,原生质外泄。对尖刀镰孢菌和莴苣霜霉菌的抑制作用 ,则表现为孢子萌发率降低和菌丝长度明显变短。该抑菌物质可望开发为农用抗生素     

Changes in plant defense chemistry (pyrrolizidine alkaloids) revealed through high-resolution spectroscopy

Plant toxic biochemicals play an important role in defense against natural enemies and often are toxic to humans and livestock. Hyperspectral reflectance is an established method for primary chemical detection and could be further used to determine plant toxicity in the field. In order to make a first step for pyrrolizidine alkaloids detection (toxic defense compound against mammals and many insects) we studied how such spectral data can estimate plant defense chemistry under controlled conditions.In a greenhouse, we grew three related plant species that defend against generalist herbivores through pyrrolizidine alkaloids: Jacobaea vulgaris, Jacobaea erucifolia and Senecio inaequidens, and analyzed the relation between spectral measurements and chemical concentrations using multivariate statistics.Nutrient addition enhanced tertiary-amine pyrrolizidine alkaloids contents of J. vulgaris and J. erucifolia and decreased N-oxide contents in S. inaequidens and J. vulgaris. Pyrrolizidine alkaloids could be predicted with a moderate accuracy. Pyrrolizidine alkaloid forms tertiary-amines and epoxides were predicted with 63% and 56% of the variation explained, respectively. The most relevant spectral regions selected for prediction were associated with electron transitions and CH, OH, and NH bonds in the 1530 and 2100 nm regions.Given the relatively low concentration in pyrrolizidine alkaloids concentration (in the order of mg g⁻¹) and resultant predictions, it is promising that pyrrolizidine alkaloids interact with incident light. Further studies should be considered to determine if such a non-destructive method may predict changes in PA concentration in relation to plant natural enemies. Spectroscopy may be used to study plant defenses in intact plant tissues, and may provide managers of toxic plants, food industry and multitrophic-interaction researchers with faster and larger monitoring possibilities.     

植物物候期的频率分布型及其在季节划分中的应用

在前人物候季节划分研究的基础上,提出了划分自然景观季节的物候频率分布型法,并利用北京小西山山前一带物候历中的资料,将当地的物候季节划分为１２个季段。划分结果表明,每个季节阶段都具有典型的植物物候形态组成与色彩组合,独特的季相特征,并且与气温和降水的季节分配状况相吻合。本方法与以往的物候季节划分方法相比,具有划分指挥定量且综合,划分季段详细,季节的内涵丰富,适用区域范围广阔等特点。     

The effects of precipitation timing on sagebrush steppe vegetation

Changes in precipitation patterns and inputs have the potential to cause major changes in productivity, composition, and diversity of terrestrial plant communities. Vegetation response to altered timing of precipitation was assessed during a 7-year experiment in an Artemisia tridentata spp. wyomingensis community in the northern Great Basin, USA. Four permanent rainout shelters excluded natural rainfall, with seasonal distribution of precipitation controlled with the use of an overhead sprinkler system. Precipitation treatments under each shelter were WINTER, SPRING, and CURRENT. The WINTER treatment received 80% of its water between October and March; in the SPRING treatment 80% of total water was applied between April and July; and the CURRENT treatment received precipitation matching the site's long-term (50 years) distribution pattern. A CONTROL treatment, placed outside each shelter replicate, received natural precipitation inputs. CURRENT, WINTER, and CONTROL treatments had similar in soil water-content patterns and thus, there were few consistent differences in vegetation response. The SPRING treatment resulted in more bare-ground and lower plant productivity compared to other shelter treatments. This result contrasted with our initial hypothesis that shallower-rooted grasses would gain a competitive advantage over shrubs if precipitation was shifted from winter to spring. Our results also demonstrated the resilience of these communities to climate perturbation as many of the vegetation shifts did not begin until the fourth year after treatments were applied.     

Risk perception,crop protection and plant disease in the UK wheat sector

While plant diseases have been the subject of scientific research, little is known about the perceptions of key actors towards plant disease risk within specific food sectors. Drawing on concepts of risk and uncertainty, and using in-depth interviews, this paper examines the ways in which endemic plant disease risks in the UK wheat sector are perceived and managed by key ‘upstream’ and ‘downstream’ businesses, as well as by farmers and agronomists. A majority of interviewees feel that plant disease is a controllable risk and one that rests mainly at the point of production (i.e. with farmers) within the wheat sector. This assumed ‘control’ is based mainly around the availability of plant protection products (e.g. fungicides) which reduce the sense of risk attributable to outbreaks of plant disease. As a consequence, there can be a tendency to grow higher-yielding wheat varieties that are less disease-resistant. The potential banning of certain fungicides under EU legislation and climate change are perceived future threats that could increase uncertainty and change the balance between ‘control’ and ‘resistance’, the latter through the use of more disease-resistant wheat varieties. Further research is needed on the perceived impacts of plant diseases and on how different wheat sector actors will contribute to the future control of plant diseases and the development of more integrated systems of plant disease management.     

Spatial relationships among species, above-ground biomass, N, and P in degraded grasslands in Ordos Plateau, northwestern China

We chose five communities, representing a mild to severe gradient of grassland desertification in a semi-arid area of Ordos Plateau, northwestern China, to explore the spatial relationships among plant species, above-ground biomass (AGB), and plant nutrients (N and P). Community 1 (C1) was dominated by Stipa bungeana; Community 2 (C2) by a mix of S. bungeana and the shrub Artemisia ordosica; Community 3 (C3) by A. ordosica; Community 4 (C4) by a mix of Cynanchum komarovii and C. komorovii; and Community 5 (C5) by C. komorovii. Quantitative methods, including geostatistics, were used to compare community composition, structure, and indicators of ecosystem function (i.e. AGB, plant N and P) in five 16-m² plots. The highest AGB, plant nitrogen (N) and plant phosphorus (P) were found in lightly degraded community C2. With increasing desertification effects from C3 to C5, the AGB, N, and P decreased significantly while plant density remained unchanged. The spatial variations of AGB were higher in shrub-dominated communities (C1 and C5) than in grass-dominated communities (C2–C4). Strong spatial relationships were detected within and among the communities, with stronger relationships between AGB and density than between AGB and species richness. Spatial patterns of plant N and P were different from those of AGB, reflecting different N and P contents of individual plants and different species that can redistribute soil resources in these communities. The AGB was positively correlated with soil nutrients (TOC, TN, TP, and IN), except for soil AP. We concluded that several specific aspects of ecosystem properties were directly associated with the conversion of the grass and shrub “functional types” in these degraded grasslands.     

A basic assessment of residential plant diversity and its ecosystem services and disservices in Beijing,China

About 52% of the world's population now lives in urban areas, and 41% of urban land in developed countries is used for residential areas. The amount and quality of residential green space, an important element in urban residential infrastructure, is closely correlated to city dwellers' quality of life. The quality of green spaces is not only closely correlated to the ecosystem services they provide, but also to their disservices. In order to (i) examine how plant diversity and plant traits vary in different residential areas, (ii) determine the main socio-economic factors driving plant trait variations across different residential areas, and (iii) provide an overview on selected ecosystem services and disservices related to plant diversity, we investigated the flora and socio-economic properties of 83 residential areas in Beijing, China. We found a total of 369 plant species belonging to 99 families and 150 genera. With respect to plant traits, there were 90 annual species, 174 alien species, 169 pollen allergenic species, and 133 species with edible or pharmaceutical value. The number of perennial, alien, ornamental and edible plant species was largest in residential areas completed in the 1990s. The number of allergenic species was highest in residential areas completed prior to 1980. The Simpson, Shannon and Pielou indices for trees and shrubs were highest in areas completed in the 1990s, while those same indices for herbs were highest in residential areas completed prior to 1980. General Linear Model analyses revealed that richness increased with increasing housing price across all groups of species. Principal Component Analysis indicated that housing price and floor-area ratio are the variables that positively correlate with species richness for all groups of species.     

Flower orientation in Pachycereus weberi (Cactaceae): Effects on ovule production, seed production and seed weight

Few studies have determined the importance of orientation on flower reproductive success. Flower orientation may affect reproduction of Cactaceae; the interception of photosynthetic active radiation (PAR) differs along the different sides of cacti stems, and translocation of resources between cacti ribs does not appear to occur. Therefore, PAR received by each cacti stem face may determine the resources available for reproduction. We examined the reproductive success of Pachycereus weberi flowers with contrasting orientations. Ovule production per ovary, number of seeds per fruit, seed set per fruit and seed weight were used as indicators of reproductive success for flowers facing southeast and northeast. PAR received on opposite stem sides was recorded as an estimator of resource availability for each side. Results showed that flowers facing southwards produced more ovules and seeds and produced heavier seeds. Seed set was not significantly different between flowers with contrasting orientations. The southern stem faces received more PAR than the northern faces. Reproductive success was different for flowers with contrasting orientations, suggesting that there is an association between PAR received on different P. weberi stem faces and floral reproductive success.     

岷江上游干旱河谷灌丛研究

岷江上游干旱河谷灌丛现代植物区系的基本特征是温带分布属占优势而含有较多的热带分布属,以及拥有许多古地中海残遗种和本地特有种,其与古地中海在时间上、与现代中亚(草原和荒漠)在空间上有着渊缘联系,热带属的种与温带荒漠、草原种在此巧妙地聚集和组合是干旱河谷的特有现象,它可能是古地中海植物区系的延续和残遗的反映,在某种意义上可能是历史植物区系的"活化石"。幽深而封闭的峡谷地貌和青藏高原亚热带山地半干旱的暖温气候,以及干燥而贫瘠的山地(碱性)灰褐土是干旱河谷灌丛生境的基本特征。土壤湿度(水分相对含量)和肥力(有机质相对含量)的梯度分析,显示出半干旱-半贫瘠的土壤为其代表性的也是主要的生境类型。一种既无乔木群落(森林)又无草本群落(草原或草甸),而仅有矮灌木和半灌木占优势的灌木群落(矮灌丛),盖满了干旱河谷沿岸干燥山坡的荒凉景观,是岷江上游干旱河谷自然植被的现状概貌和基本特征。干旱河谷灌丛形成于特定的生态环境和地质历史的时空中,是一种处于森林与草原之间的而近似于草原灌丛的隐域性(非地带性或超地带性)植被。其含有的众多中亚荒漠、草原种,在干旱河谷多为中生或中生耐旱特性。因此,干旱河谷灌丛不是草原也更不是荒漠,而是中国-喜马拉雅地区夏雨性的冬旱灌丛(群系纲),它与地中海型气候的冬雨性夏旱灌丛(群系纲:如地中海的Macehia和北美洲的Chaparral等)同属于干旱(季节性)灌丛植被型的两个群系纲(Formation class)。从干旱河谷灌丛数量分析的样地相关性半矩阵中,析出的具有三角形网眼的灌丛之群系关联网(Relative net)和群系之样地关联网,显示了灌丛核心群系和群系的典型样地在关联网中的相关位置。干旱河谷灌丛沿着地质历史的长河在地貌形成与演化过程中,大约在上新世(或许更早)青藏高原尚处于夷平面发育时期,早先的干热性古植被(森林草原)中,就可能已经孕育着干旱河谷灌丛的雏型,至少与邻近的横断山区干旱河谷及中亚的荒漠、草原区(或泛、古地中海区)拥有许多共有种,继而在整个第四纪中不断发展和逐渐形成。在全新世最新的深切河谷中生存着第三纪古老植被的残遗类型和衍生后裔,是现代干旱河谷灌丛起源古老的历史性反映和植被现状的基本特征,它应该是一种原生性的植被(或顶极群落)。建立封山、禁止放牧和樵采以及保护自然植被的有效管理机制,综合开发干旱河谷自然环境中水、热优势资源的直接和间接的多种效益,是岷江上游干旱河谷保护和建设生态环境与发展区域经济的基本途径。岷江上游干旱河谷灌丛拥有十分特殊的古老植物区系和非常稀有的原始植被类型,在有限的地域内保存着古地中海植物区系的残遗成分和衍生后裔,在广阔的湿润森林地带的特定环境中生存着典型的冬旱灌丛,这些都是十分宝贵而稀有的自然遗产,对于研究我国西部的历史植物区系和自然地理,以及保护和建设现代生态环境和区域经济,都有着非常宝贵的科学价值和十分重要的现实意义。因此,特建议在岷江上游干旱河谷划出一定的面积建立自然保护区。保护地段可选设在杂谷脑河的甘堡至龙溪地区(包括主要支流的一部分河段)和岷江干流的飞虹桥至黑水河的沙坝(干旱中心)地区。