农作物主要病虫害对甘肃气候暖干化的响应及应对技术的研究进展

通过选取甘肃省80个气象站点1961—2010年的气象要素值计算和分析,结果表明,暖干化是甘肃现代气候变化的基本特征。甘肃年平均气温气候倾向率均为正值,年平均气温每10年增温0.29℃;年降水量自1961年以来呈持续下降趋势,降水距平百分率以每10年1.7%的速率递减。揭示了气候变化对马铃薯晩疫病、麦蚜虫、小麦条锈病、玉米棉铃虫、红蜘蛛等5种主要农作物病虫害的影响。总结气候暖干化对主要农作物病虫害的主要危害特征：病虫种类增多、地域范围扩大;越冬界线北移、时间提早发生、受害程度加重;害虫生长季节延长、繁殖代数增加、种群增长加快;病毒病增多,易发大流行;寄主、害虫、天敌种群的生态系统发生了变化,使害虫得到迅速繁殖。提出完善农作物病虫害监测评估预警体系建设,提高精准优质预报服务;建立防治农作物病虫害管理生产新模式和配套技术适应气候变化;根据未来气候预测和针对不同气候类型以及不同气候年型调整作物种植结构和比例;制定精细化农作物病虫害综合农业自然资源区划,确定精准的高危病区范围重点防治等4个方面的措施和技术应对气候暖干化。     

Changes in plant defense chemistry (pyrrolizidine alkaloids) revealed through high-resolution spectroscopy

Plant toxic biochemicals play an important role in defense against natural enemies and often are toxic to humans and livestock. Hyperspectral reflectance is an established method for primary chemical detection and could be further used to determine plant toxicity in the field. In order to make a first step for pyrrolizidine alkaloids detection (toxic defense compound against mammals and many insects) we studied how such spectral data can estimate plant defense chemistry under controlled conditions.In a greenhouse, we grew three related plant species that defend against generalist herbivores through pyrrolizidine alkaloids: Jacobaea vulgaris, Jacobaea erucifolia and Senecio inaequidens, and analyzed the relation between spectral measurements and chemical concentrations using multivariate statistics.Nutrient addition enhanced tertiary-amine pyrrolizidine alkaloids contents of J. vulgaris and J. erucifolia and decreased N-oxide contents in S. inaequidens and J. vulgaris. Pyrrolizidine alkaloids could be predicted with a moderate accuracy. Pyrrolizidine alkaloid forms tertiary-amines and epoxides were predicted with 63% and 56% of the variation explained, respectively. The most relevant spectral regions selected for prediction were associated with electron transitions and CH, OH, and NH bonds in the 1530 and 2100 nm regions.Given the relatively low concentration in pyrrolizidine alkaloids concentration (in the order of mg g⁻¹) and resultant predictions, it is promising that pyrrolizidine alkaloids interact with incident light. Further studies should be considered to determine if such a non-destructive method may predict changes in PA concentration in relation to plant natural enemies. Spectroscopy may be used to study plant defenses in intact plant tissues, and may provide managers of toxic plants, food industry and multitrophic-interaction researchers with faster and larger monitoring possibilities.     

Dynamic Parameters of Plant Communities Partially Reflect the Soil Quality Improvement in Eco‐Reclamation Area of an Opencast Coal Mine

The influence of soil physicochemical properties and the relationship between the plant community and edaphic factors have been studied through monitoring the community dynamic parameters and analyzing the soil properties from four plant plots at the Pingshuo opencast coal mine eco‐reclamation area. The results are obtained as follows: (1) the law of the quantity variation of total N and available K is affected by the different kinds of plant configuration mode. It is Robinia pseudoacacia + Pinus tabuliformis (SIV) > R. pseudoacacia (SV) > R. pseudoacacia + P. tabuliformis (SI) > R. pseudoacacia + Ulmus pumila + Ailanthus altissima (SIII). The quantity is close to or exceeds the level of the original geomorphology. The average content of available N has the following order: SIV > SI > SIII > SV; the average content of available P SV > SIII > SIV > SI, both are far below the level of the original geomorphology; pH SIV < SIII < SI < SV; bulk density SI < SIV < SV < SIII, moisture content SIV > SIII > SI > SV; in the soil layer of 20–40 cm, except the available P, other physicochemical factors are in accordance with the factors of the surface soil; (2) the population average density, height and diameter at breast height (DBH) have no obvious relevance with the average density of the stumpage; (3) the average density, height, and DBH of R. pseudoacacia are closely related to pH and the content of available N and available P and all the index can be fitted by the equation of linear regression of the edaphic factors mentioned above. The principal component analysis shows that the magnitude of the impacts of three kinds of edaphic factors on the R. pseudoacacia population has the following order: pH > available N > available P. The average density of U. pumila is closely related to the moisture content of the soil. This regression model can be used to direct the cultivation and propagation of R. pseudoacacia and U. pumila population at the mine eco‐reclamation area.     

The effects of precipitation timing on sagebrush steppe vegetation

Changes in precipitation patterns and inputs have the potential to cause major changes in productivity, composition, and diversity of terrestrial plant communities. Vegetation response to altered timing of precipitation was assessed during a 7-year experiment in an Artemisia tridentata spp. wyomingensis community in the northern Great Basin, USA. Four permanent rainout shelters excluded natural rainfall, with seasonal distribution of precipitation controlled with the use of an overhead sprinkler system. Precipitation treatments under each shelter were WINTER, SPRING, and CURRENT. The WINTER treatment received 80% of its water between October and March; in the SPRING treatment 80% of total water was applied between April and July; and the CURRENT treatment received precipitation matching the site's long-term (50 years) distribution pattern. A CONTROL treatment, placed outside each shelter replicate, received natural precipitation inputs. CURRENT, WINTER, and CONTROL treatments had similar in soil water-content patterns and thus, there were few consistent differences in vegetation response. The SPRING treatment resulted in more bare-ground and lower plant productivity compared to other shelter treatments. This result contrasted with our initial hypothesis that shallower-rooted grasses would gain a competitive advantage over shrubs if precipitation was shifted from winter to spring. Our results also demonstrated the resilience of these communities to climate perturbation as many of the vegetation shifts did not begin until the fourth year after treatments were applied.     

Acacia exchanges: Wattles, thorn trees, and the study of plant movements

Plants are frequently moved around the world, creating new regional landscapes and environmental imaginaries. Building on previous work in environmental history and geography, we develop a three-part approach to analyzing plant movements and apply it to trees from the Acacia genus (sens. lat.) exchanged between Australia and the rest of the world. First, we investigate the agents, circuits, and frequencies of acacia movements, including transoceanic transfers, regional diffusion, and ecological dispersal. Second, we trace bundles of knowledge or technology that accompany the acacias, highlighting how they help shape regional biogeographies. Finally, we analyze how different societies, with distinct economies, politics, and environmental sensibilities, receive introduced plants. This approach allows us to see transferred plants as active agents in region-forming processes, and to avoid normative tropes like ‘miracle plants’ or ‘alien invasives’. The highlighted species include Acacia colei, Acacia melanoxylon, Acacia mearnsii, Acacia farnesiana, Acacia nilotica, Acacia mangium, and their close relatives.     

河流性湿地公园植物景观设计初探——以陕西千湖国家湿地公园为例

以河流性湿地陕西千湖国家湿地公园为例,介绍了湿地公园植物景观配置中存在的问题,阐明了公园植物景观设计的原则。介绍了保护保育区、科普宣教展示区和湿地休闲区植物景观规划设计方法,以期为湿地公园植物的保护与恢复、植物景观规划营建提供有益的参考。     

Characteristics of selenium migration in soil–plant system of East Meshchera and Transbaikalia

Herein some results of comparative researches to determine the parameters of selenium migration in meadow biogeocenoses of East Meshchera and East Transbaikalia are presented. The parameters of selenium mobility in soils (i.e., the element total content, plant-accumulation coefficient (Kb) and/or mobile form ratio) in Urov biogeochemical provinces of the East Transbaikalia are quite comparable to the element migration parameters found in selenium-deficient landscapes of the same area. Selenium mobility indices and ecological status are significantly higher for meadow biogeocenoses of the East Meshchera (Moscow Region) and also for limestone soils.     

Selenium levels in Lebanese environment

Very limited research has been conducted on selenium (Se) in Lebanese soils and forage crops but no work has been done on Se in water and locally produced vegetables and grains. This research was conducted in order to quantify Se levels and its availability in agricultural soils, vegetables and grains in Lebanon. Sixty-six (66) soil samples were collected from 33 selected sites in Lebanon: the Bekaa Valley, coastal and mountainous regions. Thirteen (13) different plant types (86 samples) were sampled from the same locations. Also, 13 spring water and 10 bottled water samples were collected. Soil samples were analyzed for their physical and chemical properties. Selenium was extracted from soils with: deionized–distilled water (Soluble-Se), KH₂PO₄-0.1 M (MKP-Se) and concentrated (HNO₃ + HCl) mixture (acid-Se). Plant Se was extracted by acid digestion on a hotplate. Selenium concentrations were measured by the inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrophotometer (ICP-MS). The values of Soluble-Se, MKP-Se and acid-Se ranged between 47 and 142, 147 and 400, and 1749 and 4713 μg/kg, respectively, with average values of 95, 306, and 3118 μg/kg and at a ratio of 1:3:30. Thus, Se extracted with deionized–distilled water is a good indicator for Se availability in the studied soils. The average Se concentration in plants was in the following order: radish > lettuce > cucumber > cabbage > parsley > alfalfa > onion (leaves) > broccoli > tomato > mint > chickpeas > wheat > onion (bulbs). The Se levels in water samples were in the safe range (less than 50 μg/L) and ranged between 2.14 and 17.6 μg/L. The levels of Se in the three soil extractants were positively correlated with each other and with organic matter content, salinity and phosphorus (P). Selenium levels in plant samples were positively correlated at a 0.01 significance level with clay and P content.     

LATENT FEATURES WITH MAXIMAL CORRELATION BETWEEN TWO EQUAL SETS OF VARIABLES

If in two data tables X and Y objects are characterized by the same variables(measured at differentoccasions),then looking for common latent features should be more appropriate than choosing latentfeatures in X and Y separately(e.g.as in canonical correlation or PLS).The procedure to be proposedhere is a slight modification of the method of linear characteristics(according to De Groot and Li)bydisclaiming the assumption of equal inner-block covariance matrices.In order to find weights defining alatent feature with maximal correlation between X and Y,a system of non-linear equations has to besolved.The procedure is applied to the investigation of heavy metal concentrations in different humantissues.     

植物生长调节剂对几种饵料微藻的影响

本文研究三种植物生长调节剂对4种饵料微藻的生长、叶绿素含量、细胞大小、干重及氨基酸含量的影响;结果表明:丰产素,2,4—D对叉鞭金藻,青岛大扁藻有显著的促进生长作用,尤其是在低温下也能有效地促进其生长,并能保持其营养价值。