Nachweis von Industriechemikalien (HPS,BPS und SPS) im Oberflächenwasser

Occurrence of Industrial Chemicals (HPS, BPS, and SPS) in Surface Water The paper gives the results of water examinations for different phenylsulfonamides. Random samples taken every month between May 1999 and August 2000 from surface water out of the river Rhine (kilometer 838), the river Ruhr (Mülheim Styrum) and the river Emscher (Oberhausen center) were tested for the corrosion inhibiting agent 6‐[methyl(phenylsulfonyl)amino]‐hexanoic acid (HPS) as well as its metabolites 4‐[methyl‐(phenylsulfonyl)amino]‐butanoic acid (BPS) and sarkosin‐N‐(phenylsulfonyl) (SPS). Furthermore, the sewage plant effluents of two municipal wastewater treatment plants from the rural area were also included in the monitoring program. The analytical method includes solid‐phase extraction (SPE), a derivatization step as well as gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC‐MS). SPS is regularly found in all investigated surface waters, but only occasionally in the effluents of the two rural sewage plants. The median values for SPS amount to 0.09 μg/L in the river Rhine, 0.60 μg/L in the river Ruhr, and 0.70 μg/L in the river Emscher. BPS can only be found in the river Ruhr (median value: 0.08 μg/L) and in the river Emscher (median value: 0.41 μg/L). HPS was regularly found in a surface water for the first time. This substance can be detected in the Emscher through the whole measurement period. The median value for HPS amounts to 1.78 μg/L. Aditionally, the validation characteristics of an alternative analytical method including solid‐phase microextraction (SPME) is worked out. The fully automated process includes an on‐fiber methylation step and the GC‐MS. The repeatability standard deviation of the process amounts to RSD < 12%. Detection limits between 0.07 and 0.70 μg/L are achieved.     

长江滩地不同林龄杨树人工林植物群落物种多样性研究

本文以石首、公安长江外滩不同林龄杨树人工群落为研究对象,研究了林下植物群落物种多样性的变化规律,结果表明:滩地立地条件较好,适合多种植物生长;滩地造林对土壤养分和草本植物种群数量分布的影响不大;有林地的多样性指数比无林地略有上升,不同林龄草本植物群落的丰富度指数R和多样性指数H′大于1.0、多样性指数D和均匀度指数J小于1.0,且与林龄的变化基本没有相关性,确定了物种多样性指数模型。     

The Turbulent Lagrangian Time Scale in Forest Canopies Constrained by Fluxes,Concentrations and Source Distributions

One-dimensional Lagrangian dispersion models, frequently used to relate in-canopy source/sink distributions of energy, water and trace gases to vertical concentration profiles, require estimates of the standard deviation of the vertical wind speed, which can be measured, and the Lagrangian time scale, T _L , which cannot. In this work we use non-linear parameter estimation to determine the vertical profile of the Lagrangian time scale that simultaneously optimises agreement between modelled and measured vertical profiles of temperature, water vapour and carbon dioxide concentrations within a 40-m tall temperate Eucalyptus forest in south-eastern Australia. Modelled temperature and concentration profiles are generated using Lagrangian dispersion theory combined with source/sink distributions of sensible heat, water vapour and CO₂. These distributions are derived from a multilayer Soil-Vegetation-Atmospheric-Transfer model subject to multiple constraints: (1) daytime eddy flux measurements of sensible heat, latent heat, and CO₂ above the canopy, (2) in-canopy lidar measurements of leaf area density distribution, and (3) chamber measurements of CO₂ ground fluxes. The resulting estimate of Lagrangian time scale within the canopy under near-neutral conditions is about 1.7 times higher than previous estimates and decreases towards zero at the ground. It represents an advance over previous estimates of T _L , which are largely unconstrained by measurements.     

淹水条件下鄱阳湖3种湿地植物腐烂分解及其对水质的影响

大型通江湖泊水位不断变化,引起湖泊水域与洲滩湿地之间相互转化,造成湿地植物周期性淹没分解,影响水体营养物质循环和能量流动.本文以鄱阳湖典型湿地植物灰化薹草(Carex cinerascens)、蒌蒿(Artemisia 和虉草(Phalaris arundinacea)为研究对象,通过为期69d的室外模拟实验,探究3种植物腐烂分解对水环境因子和浮游植物生物量(以叶绿素a(Chl.a)浓度表征)的影响.结果表明:(1)3种湿地植物的分解过程均为前期分解较快、后期缓慢,且蒌蒿分解率显著大于灰化薹草和虉草.(2)腐烂分解过程中,水体理化因子均发生了显著变化,如水体pH呈先降低后升高的趋势,且空白组pH显著高于其他实验组.浊度、营养盐浓度和高锰酸盐指数(COD_(Mn))浓度均呈先升高后降低并逐渐稳定的变化趋势,且显著高于空白组,蒌蒿腐烂分解对水体pH、浊度、营养盐浓度和COD_(Mn)的影响最大.(3)灰化薹草组和虉草组Chl.a浓度均呈前期波浪式上升、后期逐渐稳定的变化趋势;蒌蒿组Chl.a浓度整体呈逐渐上升的趋势.水体浊度和营养盐浓度是影响浮游植物生长的主要因素.     

风沙流对植物生长影响的研究

在中国乃至全球，风沙活动都十分频繁，它直接影响着风沙地区植物资源的可持续利用与发展，因此，研究风沙流对植物生长的影响十分必要。以往，相关的研究主要是围绕沙漠逆境的综合条件（如降水、温度、湿度、土壤水分、养分等综合因子）进行的，研究内容涉及植物的生理、生化、物质代谢以及生态适应性等。但国内外就风沙流单因子对植物生理生化影响的研究还没有深入展开，为此，作者利用野外风洞条件，就不同风况下的风沙胁迫对某些植物生长特征的影响进行了实验研究；结果表明：风沙流胁迫可使植物的净光合速率（Pn）、气孔导度（Cs）、叶温（Tl）、叶片水势（Wp）降低，使蒸腾速率（Tr）升高；且风速越大，吹风间隔越短，这些参数变幅越大；风沙流比净风的影响更大。风沙流能降低试验植物的水分利用率，进而增加植物的干燥作用；同时可使脯氨酸含量增加。由于风沙流运动和植物的复杂多样性，因此这个研究领域还有许多问题需要探索。     

华能南京电厂粉煤灰中微珠的矿物相特征及形成机理探讨

利用现代分析测试技术,对华能南京电厂粉煤灰中玻璃微珠的一些物理性质和微结构特征,如形貌、粒径分布、颗粒类型和化学成分、矿物相种类和含量、漂珠的丰度、微珠的 壳壁厚度以及热稳定性等进行了详细研究,并对其成因机制进行了讨论。空心微珠包括各种复珠的形成,主要与煤的成分和微结构有关,也与煤粒的燃烧过程有一定的联系。     

污水处理厂几种除臭技术的综合比较

在对国内污水处理厂除臭技术调查的基础上,分析了目前污水处理厂除臭技术存在问题,对常用的几种除臭技术进行了技术经济综合比较;并针对我国除臭技术的研究和发展现状,提出宜采用组合式除臭技术处理污水处理厂的恶臭污染。     

探地雷达技术在植物根系探测研究中的应用

植物根系传统研究方法的局限性迫切需要寻求一种无损性的根系探测技术.基于无损性探测的特点,探地雷达已被证明是一种能够应用于根系探测的潜在工具.对探地雷达探测原理及其在植物根系形态绘图、根径大小和生物量测量等几个方面中的应用研究进行了综述,阐述了该方法的优势和应该注意的问题.根系形态分布探测需要提高雷达的发射频率和保持足够小的扫描间距;在估计植物根系大小和生物量方面主要依赖于有效的、能够反映相关特征的雷达探测信息参数的提取,同时还需要高级的数值分析和数据处理技术的支持.     

Comparative study on in vitro transformation of paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxins in different shellfish tissues

Dissected tissues of three shellfish species,the Chinese scallop,Chlamys farreri,Manila clam,Ruditapes philippinarum,and Razor shell,Solen strictu were evaluated for in vitro transformation of paralytic shellfish poisoning(PSP) toxins. Tissue homogenates were incubated with extraction from toxic algae Alexandrium minutum to determine toxin conversion. The effects of heating and addition of a natural reductant(glutathione) on toxin conversion were also assessed. The toxin profile was investigated through high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection(HPLC-FLD) . The evident variations in the toxin content were observed only in Chinese scallop viscera homogenates. The concentration of GTX4 was reduced by 45%(approximately 0.8 μmol/dm 3 ) and 25%(approximately 1 μmol/dm 3 ) for GTX1,while GTX2 and GTX3 increased by six times(approximately 1 μmol/dm 3 ) and 3 times(approximately 0.3 μmol/dm 3 ) respectively. Simultaneously,the total toxicity decreased by 38% during the 48 h incubation period,the final toxicity was 20.4 nmol STXeq/g. Furthermore,heated Chinese scallop viscera homogenates samples were compared with non-heated samples. The concentration of the GTX4 and GTX1 was clearly 28%(approximately 0.53 μmol/dm 3 ) and 17%(approximately 0.69 μmol/dm 3 ) higher in heated samples,GTX2 and GTX3 were four times(0.66 μmol/dm 3 ) and two times(0.187 μmol/dm 3 ) lower respectively. GSH(+) Chinese scallop viscera homogenates samples were compared with GSH(-) samples,the concentration in the GTX4 and GTX1 was 9%(approximately 0.12 μmol/dm 3 ) and 11%(approximately 0.36 μmol/dm 3 ) lower respectively,GTX2 and GTX3 was 17%(approximately 0.14 μmol/dm 3 ) and 19%(approximately 0.006 μmol/dm 3 ) higher respectively. In contrast,there was a little change in the concentration of PSP toxins of Manila clam and Razor shell tissue homogenates. These observations on three shellfish tissues confirmed that there were species-specific differences in PSP toxins transformation. PSP toxins transformation was more pronounced in viscera tissue than in muscle tissue. PSP toxins was possibly interfered by some carbamoylase enzyme,and the activity in Chinese scallop viscera tissue is more remarkable than in the other two species.     

植物生长调节剂对绿色巴夫藻生长的影响

研究了二种植物生长调节剂对绿色巴夫藻 ( Pavlova viridis)的生长、叶绿素含量和干重的影响。结果表明 ,在试验浓度范围内 ,2 ,4— D对绿色巴夫藻生长的影响在培养早期比后期明显 ,最适浓度为 0 .1 m g/L ;6-BA质量浓度≥ 1 mg/L时对绿色巴夫藻有致死作用 ,质量浓度为 0 .1～ 0 .8mg/L时 ,对绿色巴夫藻的生长有促进作用 ,促进生长的最适质量浓度为 0 .5mg/L。在一定浓度范围内 ,二种植物生长调节剂都可促进绿色巴夫藻的生长 ,提高叶绿素含量 ,增加试验藻的干重。