塔中4号油藏渗透率分布的非均质性及渗流方向研究

研究油藏内部油水渗流方向时,主要考虑渗透率影响,引入两个水平方向渗透率比、水平与垂向渗透率比参数来分析。前者反映样品所在储层平面上两个水平方向渗流能力的差异,后者反映样品所在储层水平与垂向渗流能力的差异,并经小柱样测试和全岩心测试两种方法确定两个参数。通过对塔中4号油藏CⅠ油组9口井2306个样品两种渗透率比值分布直方图分析,研究了CⅠ油组渗透率的非均质性及其渗流方向:CI油组储层在水平方向的渗流能力有很大差异,具有明显的方向性。储层垂向渗流能力明显小于水平方向的渗流能力。     

Comparison of methods for calculating annual solute exports from six forested appalachian watersheds

Six methods were compared for calculating annual stream exports of sulfate, nitrate, calcium, magnesium and aluminum from six small Appalachian watersheds. Approximately 250–400 stream samples and concurrent stream flow measurements were collected during baseflows and storm flows for the 1989 water year at five Pennsylvania watersheds and during the 1989–1992 water years at a West Virginia watershed. Continuous stream flow records were also collected at each watershed. Solute exports were calculated from the complete data set using six different scenarios ranging from instantaneous monthly measurements of stream chemistry and stream flow, to intensive monitoring of storm flow events and multiple regression equations. The results for five of the methods were compared with the regression method because statistically significant models were developed and the regression equations allowed for prediction of solute concentrations during unsampled storm flows. Results indicated that continuous stream flow measurement was critical to producing exports within 10% of regression estimates. For solutes whose concentrations were not correlated strongly with stream flow, weekly grab samples combined with continuous records of stream flow were sufficient to produce export estimates within 10% of the regression method. For solutes whose concentrations were correlated strongly with stream flow, more intensive sampling during storm flows or the use of multiple regression equations were the most appropriate methods, especially for watersheds where stream flows changed most quickly. Concentration–stream flow relationships, stream hydrological response, available resources and required level of accuracy of chemical budgets should be considered when choosing a method for calculating solute exports. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Cluster synchronisation: A mechanism for plankton patchiness and a simulation pitfall

We present a study on the emergence of spatial variability, or patchiness, in biophysical simulations of plankton ecosystems. Using a standard approach to modelling such ecosystems, we represent a distribution of plankton as a lattice of non-identical interacting oscillatory populations. Spatial variation is imposed in population parameters, such as maximum growth rate, leading to a spread in the natural (uncoupled) population properties. Using the methods of synchronisation theory, the emergent spatial structure of the coupled system is investigated as a function of the strength of interaction between populations. Surprisingly, a range of coupling strength is found to induce a tenfold increase in the spread in frequency of oscillation of populations in comparison with the uncoupled level of spatial variation. This apparent desynchronisation corresponds to the formation of temporally evolving clusters of local synchronisation: the interplay of grid-cell scale variability and dispersal between populations leads to patchiness at larger scales. However, the occurrence and length-scale of this patchiness is found to be sensitive to typical simulation parameters such as spatial resolution and strength of dispersal, with emergent spatial structure altering abruptly from patchy to homogeneous as these parameters are varied. These results indicate that whilst cluster synchronisation may be a genuine mechanism for the formation of spatial structure in plankton distributions, biophysical modellers should be aware of the possibility of artificial patchiness arising from the basic physical structure of their model.     

COMPUTER-INTENSIVE SIGNIFICANCE-TESTING PROCEDURES*

The role of statistics in geography is now widely recognized, yet there are continuing suspicions as to the appropriateness of traditional methods. I review three computer-intensive approaches to significance testing of sample data. Using these methods, one can virtually always make some statement about the significance of a measure for comparing samples. Yet each approach also yields slightly different information about the measure. This confusion may be lessened somewhat by adopting standard sets of significance-testing procedures.     

在线萃取－火焰原子吸收测定地质样品中的痕量金

利用流动注射在线萃取技术，以ＭＩＢＫ为萃取剂，用火焰原子吸收分析方法测定地质样品中的痕量金，取得了满意的效果。该法精密度好，无污染，操作简便，测定迅速，且样品不需分离。方法检出限Ａｕ为０．７８×１０－９，精密度为２．３０％。     

探测受压岩样破裂区域的CT试验方法

本文对应用SYC 系列声波仪探测室内受压岩样破裂区域的试验技术进行了分析,提出了一种在稳压阶段及卸荷后测量声波走时的试验方法,并通过试验对时间因素及卸荷产生的走时误差进行了初步探讨,证明这种试验方法是可行的。     

沙漠细沙筛分时间和投加量对干筛分析结果的影响

筛分时间和投加量对沙漠沙干筛分析结果有着直接的影响,但目前对此鲜有报导。本文研究筛分时间（1~17 min）和投加量（20~100 g）对沙漠细沙筛分效果的影响。结果表明：在干筛分析过程中,20 g投加量时筛分效果在3 min达到稳定,而投加量在30~100 g时约在9 min达到稳定,意味着沙漠样品筛分需要的最短筛分时间与样品投加量有关。光学显微镜检测表明,干筛筛分的沙粒样品仍有11%~30%粗颗粒和1%~4%的细颗粒存在,此混杂比例具体因沙粒粒级而异。颗粒形状等因素造成了干筛筛分法与光学显微镜分析法的差异。