Geodynamic significance of the Cretaceous pillow basalts from North Anatolian Ophiolitic Mélange Belt (Central Anatolia,Turkey): geochemical and paleontological constraints

The most widespread blocks within the Cretaceous ophiolitic mélange (North Anatolian ophiolitic mélange) in Central Anatolia (Turkey) are pillow basalts, radiolarites, other ophiolitic fragments and Jurassic-Cretaceous carbonate blocks. The pillow basalts crop out as discrete blocks in close relation to radiolarites and ophiolitic units in Cretaceous ophiolitic mélange.

The geochemical results suggest that analyzed pillow basalts are within-plate ocean island alkali basalts. The enrichment of incompatible elements (Nb, Ta, Light REE, Th, U, Cs, Rb, Ba, K) demonstrates the ocean island environment (both tholeiites and alkali basalts) and enriched MORB. Dated calcareous intrafills and biodetrital carbonates reveal an age span of Callovian—Early Aptian. The thin-shelled protoglobigerinids, belonging to the genus Globuligerina, in the calcareous intrafills between pillow basalt lobes indicates a Callovian—Barremian age interval, most probably, Valanginian to Late Barremian. The volcanic and radiolarite detritus-bearing orbitolinid—Baccinella biodetrital carbonates dated as Late Barremian-Early Aptian in age, were probably deposited around atolls and have a close relationship with the ocean island pillow basalts.

The results collectively support the presence of a seamount on the Neo-Tethyan oceanic crust during the Valanginian—Late Barremian and atolls during the Late Barremian-Early Aptian interval. The presence of an oceanic crust older than that seamount along the Northern Branch of Neo-Tethys is conformable with the geodynamic evolution of the Tethys.     

甘肃南祁连党河南山奥陶纪火山岩的岩石地球化学特征

甘肃南祁连褶皱带党河南山早奥陶纪火山岩主要赋存于吾力沟群中。地球化学研究结果表明,本区火山岩由基性火山岩和中性火山岩组成,基性火山岩分属拉斑玄武岩和钙碱性玄武岩,而中性火山岩则属钙碱性安山岩。它们均具有低TiO2、MgO,选择性富集大离子亲石元素(Rb、Th、Ba、Sr)和轻稀土元素(La、Ce、Sm),具有较高的高价大阳离子比值和Nb的强烈亏损,岩石学和地球化学特征表明本区火山岩形成于岛弧环境。     

遥感技术在长白山天池火山熔岩流表壳类型结构研究的可行性分析

溢流式熔岩喷发是火山喷发的一种常见形式,容易造成火山灾害.从火口或裂隙呈液态喷发出的溶岩,沿地表向前流动,熔岩温度逐渐降低,黏度随之增大,流动速度逐渐减慢,直至停滞、凝结.炙热熔岩流在流动过程中,会对沿途及周边植被、建筑物和人员等造成破坏和伤亡.Andrew和Rowland(2015)对aa和pahoehoe的力学原理...     

Morphology and composition of spinel in Pu’u ’O’o lava (1996–1998), Kilauea volcano, Hawaii

The morphology and composition of spinel in rapidly quenched Pu’u ’O’o vent and lava tube samples are described. These samples contain glass, olivine phenocrysts (3–5 vol.%) and microphenocrysts of spinel (0.05 vol.%). The spinel surrounded by glass occurs as idiomorphic octahedra 5–50 μm in diameter and as chains of octahedra that are oriented with respect to each other. Spinel enclosed by olivine phenocrysts is sometimes rounded and does not generally form chains. The temperature before quenching was calculated from the MgO content of the glass and ranges from 1150°C to 1180°C. The oxygen fugacity before quenching was calculated by two independent methods and the log f_O2 ranged from −9.2 to −9.9 (delta QFM=−1). The spinel in the Pu’u ’O’o samples has a narrow range in composition with Cr/(Cr+Al)=0.61 to 0.73 and Fe²⁺/(Fe²⁺+Mg)=0.46 to 0.56. The lower the calculated temperature for the samples, the higher the average Fe²⁺/(Fe²⁺+Mg), Fe³⁺ and Ti in the spinel. Most zoned spinel crystals decrease in Cr/(Cr+Al) from core to rim and, in the chains, the Cr/(Cr+Al) is greater in the core of larger crystals than in the core of smaller crystals. The occurrence of chains and hopper crystals and the presence of Cr/(Cr+Al) zoning from core to rim of the spinel suggest diffusion-controlled growth of the crystals. Some of the spinel crystals may have grown rapidly under the turbulent conditions of the summit reservoir and in the flowing lava, and the crystals may have remained in suspension for a considerable period. The rapid growth may have caused very local (μm) gradients of Cr in the melt ahead of the spinel crystal faces. The crystals seem to have retained the Cr/(Cr+Al) ratio that developed during the original growth of the crystal, but the Fe²⁺/(Fe²⁺+Mg) ratio may have equilibrated fairly rapidly with the changing melt composition due to olivine crystallization. Six of the samples were collected on the same day at various locations along a 10-km lava tube and the calculated pre-collection temperatures of the samples show a 5°C drop with distance from the vent. The average Fe²⁺/(Fe²⁺+Mg) of the spinel in these samples shows a weak positive correlation with decreasing MgO in the glass of these samples. The range in Cr₂O₃ (0.041–0.045 wt.%) of the glass for these six samples is too small to distinguish a consistent change along the lava tube. The spinel in the Pu’u ’O’o samples shows a zoning trend in a Cr–Al–Fe³⁺ diagram almost directly away from the Cr apex. This compares with a zoning trend in rapidly quenched MORB samples away from Cr coupled with decreasing Fe³⁺. The trend away from Cr displayed by spinel in rapidly quenched samples is in marked contrast to the trend of increasing Fe³⁺ shown by spinel in slowly cooled lava.     

膏盐层在矽卡岩型铁矿成矿中的作用

矽卡岩型铁矿是我国富铁矿的重要类型,约占全国富铁矿总储量的60%。虽然膏盐层与矽卡岩型铁矿的关系已引起部分矿床学家的关注,但膏盐层的控矿机制尚不清楚。本文以我国最重要的大冶式和邯邢式矽卡岩型铁矿为例,探讨了膏盐层在矽卡岩型铁矿成矿中的作用。膏盐层富含碳酸盐、石膏和石盐等,不仅可以为成矿提供大量Na⁺、Cl^-、CO3²⁺等矿化剂,使围岩发生钠长石化、方柱石化（氯化）和矽卡岩化等蚀变,使Fe²⁺以NaFe-Cl等络合物形式搬运,膏盐层还是地壳深处最重要的氧化障,能够将硅酸盐熔体和成矿溶液中的Fe²⁺氧化成Fe³⁺,富集形成铁矿床,是矽卡岩型铁矿成矿的关键因素。大冶地区的膏盐层属于中三叠统下部的嘉陵江组,邯邢地区的膏盐层属于中奥陶统马家沟组—峰峰组。大冶和邯邢式矽卡岩型铁矿中硫化物的δ³⁴S_V-CDT值异常高,计算结果表明矿床中约80%的硫来自膏盐层硫酸盐的还原,还原温度多在500℃以上,但硫化物的沉淀温度相对较低,就位时间稍晚;硫酸盐的δ³⁴S_V-CDT值和还原温度越高,硫化物的δ³⁴S_V-CDT值越高,原始岩浆硫所占比例越高,硫化物的δ³⁴S_V-CDT值越低。当炽热的岩浆与膏盐层（CaSO₄）发生同化混染时,SO₄^2-将硅酸盐熔体中的Fe²⁺氧化成Fe³⁺,Fe³⁺无法进入硅酸盐矿物晶格,而形成Fe₃O₄/Fe₂O₃进入熔体,铁氧化物在磷、氯化钠、水等挥发分和盐类物质的作用下在岩浆房中与硅酸盐熔体发生不混熔,形成铁矿浆,沿构造有利部位贯入,形成矿浆型铁矿床。在矽卡岩型铁矿床中,矿浆充填型和热液交代型矿体同时存在,二者在空间上具有一定的分带性,有时渐变过渡,矿浆充填型铁矿体通常位于深部靠近成矿岩体的部位,而热液交代型铁矿体位于成矿流体运移的前方。在SO₄^2-氧化Fe²⁺的同时自身被还原为S^2-,与Fe²⁺结合形成硫铁矿,分布在铁矿的上部或边部。     

Distribution of thermal areas on an active lava flow field: Landsat observations of Kilauea,Hawaii, July 1991

A Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) image acquired on 23 July 1991 recorded widespread activity associated with the Episode 48 of the Pu'u 'O'o-Kupaianaha eruption of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii. The scene contains a very large number (>3500) of thermally elevated near infrared (0.8–2.35 m) pixels (each 900 m²), which enable the spatial distribution of volcanic activity to be identified. This activity includes a lava lake within Pu'u 'O'o cone, an active lava tube system (7.9 km in length) with skylights between the Kupaianaha lava shield and several ocean entry points, and extensive active surface flows (total area of 1.3 km²) within a much larger area of cooling flows (total16 km²). The production of an average flux density map from the TM data of the flow field, wherein the average flux density is defined in units of Wm^-2, allows for the chronology of emplacement of active and cooling flows to be determined. The flux density map reveals that there were at least three breakouts (>5000 Wm^-2) feeding active flows, but on the day that the data were collected the TM recorded a waning phase of surface activity in this area, based on the relatively large amount of intermediate power-emitting (cooling) flows compared to high power-emitting (active) flows. The production of a comparable flux density map for future eruptions would aid in the assessment of volcanic hazards if the data were available in near-real time.     

五大连池老黑山火山钾质玄武岩结晶动力学研究

本文模拟了五大连池地区老黑山火山钾质响质碱玄岩熔岩在不同降温速率下从1150℃冷却到700℃橄榄石的结晶动力学过程,并从晶体粒度、晶体数量和晶体形态三方面研究了晶体结晶特征与降温速率之间的关系。结果表明:(1)晶体粒度分布(CSD)显示七组不同降温速率下的晶体粒度与布居密度均呈现较好的幂率关系,且幂律指数相近,斜率范围在3.69～4.42之间,这说明了晶体粒度分布对降温速率的依赖性并不显著。(2)随着降温速率由快变慢,晶体数量总体增长。当降温速率为0.0468℃/min时,晶体数量达到峰值。随后,结晶进入以退火合并为主的晶体粗化过程,直至结晶动力学达到平衡。(3)各降温速率下晶体形态呈现出分形特征,分形维数界于1.39～1.62之间,反映了新生晶体生长的自组织临界性。不同降温速率下的晶体边界复杂程度出现较大无规波动,显示出晶体形态对降温速率的高度敏感性。当降温速率为0.1℃/min时,晶体边界形态最复杂,当降温速率变慢到0.0468℃/min后,晶体边界形态的复杂程度趋于稳定。本项动力结晶实验对于深入了解五大连池新期火山熔岩流的运动机制以及动力结晶过程有重要的科学意义。     

Discovery of a recurrent lava lake on Saunders Island (South Sandwich Islands) using AVHRR imagery

Monitoring of the remote South Sandwich Islands volcanic arc, using advanced very high resolution radiometer (AVHRR) data, has identified a radiant pixel on channels 3 (3.55–3.93 μm) and (rarely) 4 (10.3–11.3 μm). The position of the pixel is coincident with Mount Michael, Saunders Island, the active summit crater of a snow-covered basaltic stratovolcano with a persistent steam plume. The radiant pixel was continuously present in successive AVHRR images acquired during intervals of several months in the period examined (March 1995–February 1998), although apparently disappearing for similar time intervals. More than 5000 images were examined during this study. The radiant pixel is interpreted to indicate that the crater has contained a lava lake, the first to be recorded in the South Sandwich Islands. The lake appears to persist in the crater for several months at a time, at least. It may have drained completely at times and was probably absent when the crater was viewed briefly during an overflight in January 1997. Persistent or recurring lava lakes are very uncommon world-wide and that at Mount Michael is one of only two recorded in the Antarctic region.     

广西南部钦州地区早—中三叠世火山事件——台马碎斑熔岩

通过对前人划分的十万大山岩带的主要岩体——台马岩体的野外地质特征、岩石学特征的研究,认为原台马岩体主要由碎斑熔岩组成,是火山侵出相的产物而不是侵入相的花岗斑岩。结合台马碎斑熔岩与周边火山岩、侵入岩、地层的关系,认为它是早—中三叠世中心裂隙式火山构造中央部位侵出的穹状岩脊。因此,十万大山岩带是火山-侵入杂岩带,台马碎斑熔岩是该火山-侵入杂岩带的一个相。     

The angle measure technique: A new method for characterizing the complexity of geomorphic lines

A new method for characterizing the complexity of geomorphic phenomena is presented. This method, termed the angle measure technique, involves measuring the angularity of a digitized line for a wide range of scales. In this manner, the technique is capable of delineating changes in the complexity of geomorphic lines with scale, from which the characteristic scale(s) of the lines can be identified. Unlike fractal analysis, values produced by the angle measure technique correspond to single scales. Therefore, no assumptions are made concerning the relationship between complexity and scale, and the technique can resolve variations in complexity over small ranges of scale. The technique is illustrated using both computer-generated curves and natural lines, including the trace of a river channel, and is compared to fractal analysis on a contour line crossing two lava flows.