Seismic experiments on Showa-Shinzan lava dome using firework shots

Seismic experiments were conducted on Showa-Shinzan, a parasitic lava dome of volcano Usu, Hokkaido, which was formed during 1943–1945 activity. Since we found that firework shots fired on the ground can effectively produce seismic waves, we placed many seismometers on and around the dome during the summer festivals in 1984 and 1985. The internal structure had been previously studied using a prospecting technique employing dynamite blasts in 1954. The measured interval velocity across the dome in 1984 ranges 1.8–2.2 km/s drastically low compared to the results (3.0–4.0 km/s) in 1954; in addition, the velocity is 0.3–0.5 km/s higher than that in the surrounding area. The variation of the observed first arrival amplitudes can be explained by geometrical spreading in the high velocity lava dome. These observations show a marked change in the internal physical state of the dome corresponding to a drop in the measured highest temperature at fumaroles on the dome from 800°C in 1947 to 310°C in 1986.     

Role of Syn-eruptive Cooling and Degassing on Textures of Lavas from the AD 1783-1784 Laki Eruption, South Iceland

The Laki eruption involved 10 fissure-opening episodes thatproduced 15·1 km³ of homogeneous quartz-tholeiite magma.This study focuses on the texture and chemistry of samples fromthe first five episodes, the most productive period of the eruption.The samples comprise pumiceous tephra clasts from early falloutdeposits and lava surface samples from fire-fountaining andcone-building activity. The fluid lava core was periodicallyexposed at the surface upon lobe breakout, and its characteristicsare preserved in glassy selvages from the lava surface. In allsamples, plagioclase is the dominant mineral phase, followedby clinopyroxene and then olivine. Samples contain <7 vol.% of euhedral phenocrysts (>100 µm) with primitivecores [An* = 100 x Ca/(Ca + Na) >70; Fo > 75; En* = 100x Mg/(Mg + Fe) >78] and more evolved rims, and >10 vol.% of skeletal, densely distributed groundmass crystals (<100µm), which are similar in composition to phenocryst rims(tephra: An*_58–67, Fo_72–78, En*_72–81; lava:An*_49–70, Fo_63–78, En_57–78). Tephra and lavahave distinct vesicularity (tephra: >40 vol. %; lava: <40vol. %), groundmass crystal content (tephra: <10 vol. %;lava: 20–30 vol. %), and matrix glass composition (tephra:5·4–5·6 wt % MgO; lava: 4·3–5·0wt % MgO). Whole-rock and matrix glass compositions define atrend consistent with liquid evolution during in situ crystallizationof groundmass phases. Plagioclase–glass and olivine–glassthermometers place the formation of phenocryst cores at 10 kmdepth in a melt with 1 wt % H₂O, at near-liquidus temperatures(1150°C). Phenocryst rims and groundmass crystals formedclose to the surface, at 10–40°C melt undercoolingand in an 10–20°C cooler drier magma (0–0·1wt % H₂O), causing an 10 mol % drop in An content in plagioclase.The shape, internal zoning and number density of groundmasscrystals indicate that they formed under supersaturated conditions.Based on this information, we propose that degassing duringascent had a major role in rapidly undercooling the melt, promptingintensive shallow groundmass crystallization that affected themagma and lava rheology. Petrological and textural differencesbetween tephra and lava reflect variations in the rates of magmaascent and the timing of surface quenching during each eruptiveepisode. That in turn affected the time available for crystallizationand subsequent re-equilibration of the melt to surface (degassed)conditions. During the explosive phases, the rates of magmaascent were high enough to inhibit crystallization, yieldingcrystal-poor tephra. In contrast, pervasive groundmass crystallizationoccurred in the lava, increasing its yield strength and causinga thick rubbly layer to form during flow emplacement. Lava selvagescollected across the flow-field have strikingly homogeneousglass compositions, demonstrating the high thermal efficiencyof fluid lava transport. Cooling is estimated as 0·3°C/km,showing that rubbly surfaced flows can be as thermally efficientas tube-fed phoehoe lavas. KEY WORDS: lava; crystallization; basalt; cooling rate; pressure; geobarometry; P–T conditions; plagioclase; degassing; Laki, Iceland     

北祁连山奥陶纪弧后盆地火山岩浆成因

本文对北祁连山早古生代弧后盆地熔岩的岩石地球化学研究结果加以报道。样品的分布将南部弧后盆地拉伸最早阶段发育的岛弧裂谷化区和北部的弧后海底扩张区联系起来。熔岩的岩相学和地球化学特点反映了拉伸方式的改变,北部是典型的弧后盆地基性熔岩,向南则逐渐向岛弧熔岩过渡。海底扩张区以玻质(现已脱玻化)、少斑基性熔岩为特征,长英质熔岩和斑状基性熔岩产于南部岛弧裂谷化区。成熟岛弧部分(Y<20×10-6,TiO2<0.60%,Th/Yb>0.60)和弧后扩张区(Y>20×10-6,TiO2>1.0%,Th/Yb<0.60)在地球化学上相互有别。从由海底扩张形成的弧后盆地基性熔岩,向南经过逐渐与岛弧岩石相似的熔岩,直至裂谷区最南部的岛弧熔岩,它们的地球化学成分显示逐渐的变化。这种变化反映了弧后盆地形成过程中弧后盆地之下地幔对流方式和熔体产生作用的改变:从初始岛弧裂谷之下由消减板片俯冲引起的地幔下沉,转变为弧后海底扩张带之下的地幔上隆。早期岛弧裂谷阶段,裂谷轴捕获了岛弧岩浆流,从而使得喷出的熔岩在成分上与岛弧熔岩无法区分;随着弧后拉张继续,弧后盆地变宽,岛弧岩浆流逐渐离开裂谷轴,最终产生一个似洋中脊的减压熔融系统———弧后盆地岩浆系统。     

胶南王台变质基性熔岩：元古宙洋壳残片

胶南王台变质基性熔岩的地球化学特征表现为拉班玄武岩系列 ,具平坦型稀土配分模式 ,高强场相容元素含量与N MORB相近 ,εNd(t) =1.82～ 6 .35 ,△2 0 7Pb 2 0 4Pb为 - 6 .748～ - 8.0 0 0 ,形成于洋中脊环境。它的存在表明鲁东地区发育有元古宙古洋壳残片 ,华北古陆块南缘在早 中元古宙似应处于大洋环境     

中国火山灾害区划研究历史回顾与未来展望

火山灾害区划是防御和减轻火山灾害的一种有效的方法.以中国境内规模最大、喷发危险性最高、潜在火山灾害最强的长白山天池火山为例,回顾我国火山灾害区划研究历史,讨论典型火山喷发活动引起的主要火山灾害类型、成灾机制和灾害效应,总结不同历史阶段各种不同类型火山灾害区划图的优缺点,并结合目前国际上火山灾害区划的研究现状和编图技术,对我国未来编制具有概率含义的火山灾害区划图的思路提出展望.     

大兴安岭南段黄岗梁火山-侵出隆起:不同岩相之间的成因联系

大兴安岭南段黄岗梁火山-侵出隆起由火山灰流相的流纹质晶屑凝灰岩、侵出相的岩穹(流纹质碎斑熔岩)和浅成侵入相的斑状二长花岗岩构成,它们的SHRIMP锆石U-Pb定年结果分别为140.27±0.93 Ma、140.41±0.92 Ma和141.75±0.96 Ma,均属早白垩世初期岩浆活动的产物。3个岩相的同位素年龄在误差范围内一致,表明其间没有明显的间断,为粘稠的富晶岩浆(晶粥)连续作用的产物。这些火山-侵入杂岩属高钾钙碱性系列,主要为准铝质-过铝质岩石,它们的εNd(t)变化范围很小,为-0.43～-0.08,相应的二阶段模式年龄为0.98～0.96 Ga,表明其应起源于相同的源区。岩浆作用产物表现出从早到晚SiO₂和K₂O含量呈连续降低的趋势,不同岩相间成分上有一定的互补关系,暗示可能是由成分分带的岩浆房近于逐层排出/侵位形成流纹质晶屑凝灰岩和碎斑熔岩,残留岩浆充填到火山根部及火山机构周边的环状裂隙中冷却固结形成斑状二长花岗岩。该火山-侵入杂岩具有A型花岗岩特征,地球化学上均表现为富集Rb、Th、U等大离子亲石元素,强烈亏损Ti、Nb、Ta...     

黑龙江省饶河枕状玄武岩古地磁学研究及其构造意义

蛇绿岩中枕状玄武岩的古地磁学研究可为古海洋的恢复与演化提供定量化依据.黑龙江省饶河地区中侏罗世枕状玄武岩的岩石学、岩石磁学研究表明,该岩石具备水下喷出特点,发育辉长结构,载磁矿物为磁铁矿.17个采点181块样品的热退磁实验表明,中侏罗世枕状玄武岩记录了高温分量和中温分量,前者为熔岩喷发记录的原生剩磁方向,平均方向D/I=59.4°/46.3°,α95=6.8°,对应的极位置为40.3°N,224.6°E,A95=7°;后者可能为晚侏罗世—早白垩世岩浆热事件的叠加,平均方向D/I=55.4°/60.6°,α95=3.9°,对应的极位置为50.8°N,210.6°E,A95=5.2°.综合考虑区域地质背景,将这一结果与邻区同时代的古地磁数据对比,推测在中侏罗世之前,在饶河杂岩与佳木斯地体之间存在一定规模的海域,与现今日本海相似;早白垩世时期,该海域封闭,饶河杂岩与华北、西伯利亚板块在动力学上已成为整体.     

峨眉山大火成岩省底部枕状玄武岩的地质地球化学特征及成因探讨

云南上沧二叠纪枕状玄武岩位于峨眉山大火成岩省内带底部。该玄武岩全岩SiO2含量为49.36%～51.36%,TiO2含量为1.28%～1.91%,MgO含量为6.08%～10.79%,Mg#值为53～69,Al2O3含量为13.91%～16.31%,Na2O含量为1.59%～3.72%,K2O含量较低,为0.18%～0.76%,并且Na2O/K2O比值较高,为4.27～10.48,属拉斑系列玄武岩。具有右倾斜型稀土元素配分模式,重稀土和部分高场强元素与N-MORB接近,轻稀土和部分大离子亲石元素介于N-MORB和上地壳之间。(La/Sm)N比值大多数低于2.0(1.4～2.2),(Ce/Yb)N比值介于2.2～3.4之间,明显低于OIB,不具有OIB的地球化学特征,在Th/Hf-Ta/Hf构造环境判别图解中位于陆缘裂谷玄武岩区域,推测上沧枕状熔岩是古特提斯洋俯冲到扬子板块边缘形成的初始裂谷扩张的产物。