塔玛亚历山大藻对海产双壳类生命活动的影响

通过一种重要有毒赤潮藻——产麻痹性贝毒毒素PSP的塔玛亚历山大藻对几种海产双壳类主要发育阶段:受精卵、D形幼虫、眼点幼虫、稚贝、仔贝和成贝生命活动的影响研究,发现该藻对双壳类孵化率、存活率、运动能力、滤食率和生长都有影响,毒性效应与藻密度有明显的相关关系.该藻对受精卵的抑制作用在100个/cm3的密度下最显著,36h后孵化率仅为对照组的30%.进一步的逐项毒性筛选实验表明此毒性来源于藻液、藻细胞和细胞碎片,而与去藻过滤液、藻细胞内容物、标准毒素STX无关,由此可以证实塔玛亚历山大藻确能产生一类非PSP毒素,并与细胞表面的未知毒素相关.     

胶州湾初级生产力周年变化

根据2003年5月—2004年4月逐月对胶州湾初级生产力的调查研究,分析讨论了胶州湾初级生产力的周年动态变化特征。结果表明,胶州湾初级生产力存在着明显的季节变化:夏季是一年中的高峰,平均为835.72mgC/(m2.d),春、秋季次之,分别为286.00mgC/(m2.d)和247.81mgC/(m2.d),冬季最低,平均为102.27mgC/(m2.d)。初级生产力平面分布特征为:夏季高值区一般位于湾西北部和东北部近岸水域,秋季至次年春末的高值区一般位于湾东北部近岸水域,湾中部和湾口海域较低。湾外海域除夏末秋初与湾中部水平接近外,其它季节比湾中部和湾口低,呈自湾内向湾外递降的分布趋势。6月下旬记录到7213.48mgC/(m2.d)初级生产力的最高值,位于湾东侧近岸,该高值持续时间很短,在时间上恰巧对应于一周前的一次强降雨过程。温度是影响胶州湾初级生产力季节变化的决定因子。     

围隔生态系内不同粒级浮游植物群落变化研究

通过现场围隔实验,模拟赤潮发生过程,研究了种群不同生长阶段中不同粒级浮游植物种群的变化情况。结果表明,添加营养盐能有效促进浮游植物的生长,东海原甲藻围隔（M1）和自然水体围隔（M2）中浮游植物分别于第7天和第4天出现生长高峰,叶绿素a最大值分别为112．79mg／m和235．60mg/m。微型浮游植物与微微型浮游植物存在竞争,微型对微微型生长的抑制作用：M2〉M1。在营养盐丰富时,硅藻的增殖速率比东海原甲藻快,达到高峰期时间短,消亡也快。硅的减少促进硅藻水华的消亡。     

胶州湾营养盐结构的长期变化及其对生态环境的影响

根据 1 962年— 1 998年 81个航次的调查和历史资料 ,讨论了胶州湾营养盐及其结构的长期变化和对生态环境的影响。近 40年来 ,胶州湾无机N和P浓度分别增加了 3.9倍和1 .4倍 ,DIN/PO4 P摩尔比从 1 5 .9± 6.3增加到 37.8± 2 2 .9,SiO3 Si浓度保持在一个很低的水平。高的DIN/PO4 P比例和很低的SiO3 Si/PO4 P比例 ( 7.6± 8.9)及SiO3 Si/DIN比例 ( 0 .1 9±0 .1 5 )表明 ,胶州湾营养盐结构已经从比较平衡到不平衡。根据化学计量营养盐限制的标准 ,DIN和PO4 P作为胶州湾浮游植物限制因子的可能性已经减少或消失 ,SiO3 Si限制已经增加。营养盐结构的变化已经导致大型硅藻的减少和浮游植物优势种组成的变化 ,大型硅藻可能趋向于小型化。胶州湾生态系统的这些变化是人类活动影响的直接结果。     

2001—2002年粤东柘林湾浮游植物的生态学研究

2001年7月-2002年7月对粤东赤潮重灾区柘林湾进行的浮游植物周年调查表明,柘林湾共有浮游植物68属183种.其中硅藻为最优势类群,共51属143种,占总种数的 77.8%;甲藻11属34种;其它浮游植物类群6属6种.调查海区浮游植物群落的种类丰富度、细胞密度、生物多样性和均匀度的平面分布均表现为湾外高于湾内和湾内外侧高于湾内内侧的基本格局,但黄冈河河内浮游植物群落的构成却呈现种类少而密度高的特点.调查期间浮游植物的总细胞数年均值为16.9×104cells/L,周年变动模式为双峰型(高峰位于8月和4月).与上一个周年调查(2000年5月-2001年5月)的总细胞数年均值(36.0×104cells/L)和单峰型周年变动模式(最高峰位于7月)相比,差异较大.这可能是2001-2002年厄尔尼诺现象导致粤东地区气候异常、干旱少雨,以及调查海区无机磷剧减45%所致.中肋骨条藻(Skeletonema costatum)为该湾的全年优势种,在群落总细胞数中的百分比年均值从上一年度的58.7%上升至本年度的71.0%,导致Shannon-Wiener多样性指数从上一年度的1.91减少至本年度的1.75.中肋骨条藻的绝对占优已在很大程度上改变了该湾浮游植物的群落结构,并使中肋骨条藻赤潮的发生机率大大增加.陆源排污、大规模增养殖业和水体交换对柘林湾高营养盐低浮游植物密度及浮游植物群落的时空分布具最重要的影响.     

Light climate as the key factor controlling the spring dynamics of phytoplankton in Lake Zürich

During the spring seasons of 1983, 1986 and 1987 the development of phytoplankton in Lake Zürich was investigated (from February to May) using samples taken at short term intervals. The aim was to describe the effects of the short term dynamics of environmental factors on the algal growth. The results could then be used to discuss the existing theories to assess the start of phytoplankton growth pulses in spring. Only 7 to 10 days without wind driven vertical mixing were required in spring to start the first growth pulse, despite of a still very unstable water column (sometimes inverse thermal stratification). Mainly flagellates andStephanodiscus hantzschii increased their biomass and achieved net growth rates of 0.1 and up to 0.65 d⁻¹ respectively. During such a phase the mixing depth was always smaller than the euphotic depth. Later on, at the start of the spring bloom (=last growth pulse in spring before the clear water stage), the intensity of vertical mixing as well as the mixing depth were markedly reduced due to an increase in heat input and low wind. Then flagellates dominated (contribution up to 75.5% of the areal biomass reaching 60 g fresh weight m⁻²) and the growth rate rose to a maximum of 0.65 d⁻¹. Standard models of critical depth considers that there is only a biomass increase if the mixing depth is smaller than the depth of a water layer positive balanced between production and respiration. This model for determining the beginning of a phytoplankton growth pulse in spring takes no account of the favorable light conditions for phytoplankton cells at calm and sunny days in February and March. The newly developed threshold value model takes these situations into account: It assumes that the phytoplankton biomass increases when the calculated effective light climate is equal or greater than a previously fixed threshold. The calculations are based on the mean light intensity within the mixed layer at windy days or within the euphotic depth (z _eu) at calm days. In Lake Zürich a minimum of 0.2 10⁶ J m⁻²d⁻¹ (=0.9 mol quanta m⁻²d⁻¹) has to be reached or surpassed in at least 3 days before an exponential increase of algal biomass can occur. The value does not depend on short term fluctuations in neither radiation nor mixing depth. It seems that this value is rather low comparing with those of investigations in other water bodies (up to 0.8 10⁶ J m⁻² d⁻¹) but high related to values from algal cultures (0.02 10⁶ J m⁻²d⁻¹). As the weather can only be forecasted a few days ahead with any certainty the period for a more or less accurate prediction of an algal bloom is restricted to about 1 to 5 days.     

Suspension Properties of Various Phyletic Groups of Phytoplankton and Tintinnids in an Oligotrophic, Subtropical System

Abstract. The sinking rate (ψ) characteristics of a natural community of phytoplankton in the size range from 5 to 102 μn were determined. The following trends in ψ were observed: coc-colithophorids > dinoflagellates > diatoms; large cells > small cells; attenuate shapes < other geometries; community i|) rate based on cell numbers > chlorophyll-based rate; arenaceous tintinnids > organic-loricate tintinnids. Dtnoflagellate swimming rates appear to be considerably greater than their sinking rates.     

One Dimensional Ecosystem Model Simulation of the Effects of Vertical Dilution by the Winter Mixing on the Spring Diatom Bloom

A one-dimensional ecosystem model has been used to investigate the processes relevant to the spring diatom bloom which play important roles in the biogeochemical cycle in the western subarctic Pacific. The model represents the plankton dynamics and the nutrient cycles in the spring diatom bloom; its results show the importance of dilution by deep mixing in winter. It is supposed that the vertically integrated biomass of phytoplankton decreases in the winter due to the decrease of photosynthesis, because the deep mixing transports phytoplankton to a layer with a low light level. However, the observed integrated diatom biomass increases as the mixed layer deepens. This is because the decrease of concentration due to dilution by mixing causes the diatom grazed pressure to be less significant than diatom photosynthesis. In other words, the effect of dilution on the grazed rate is more significant than the effect on the photosynthesis rate because the grazed rate depends on the concentrations of both diatom and grazer, whereas the photosynthesis rate depends only diatom concentration. The average specific diatom grazed rate, defined as grazed rate divided by diatom biomass, decreases by 35% associated with the deepening, while the average specific photosynthesis rate of diatom decreases by 11%. As a result, the average specific net diatom growth rate during the deep mixing is about 70% of its maximum during the spring diatom bloom. The deep mixing significantly affects the amplitude of the spring diatom bloom not only by the supply of nutrients but also by the dilution which drastically decreases the grazed pressure. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Comparison of the nonlocal transport characteristics of a series of one-dimensional oceanic boundary layer models

Seven one-dimensional oceanic boundary layer models are investigated to assess the possible nonlocal transport characteristics of mass and heat in the upper ocean. The dynamical models have been chosen from the diffusion and bulk types currently in use plus two modifications of the transilient type that have been used extensively for atmospheric work by Stull. The models are forced using wind speed and insolation conditions recorded during a 9-day oceanographic cruise near Bermuda in March 1993 during the decline of the spring bloom. The attenuation of sunlight in the upper ocean is calculated using a full spectral model for downwelling irradiance. The vertical heat transport characteristics are reported and compared. A series of spectral diagnostic tests (Green's function analysis, process spectra, and overall mixing lengths) reveal significant differences in the vertical transport characteristics of the models that are not observed in commonly used diagnostics such as sea surface temperature or mixed layer depth. Age spectra (or modal time since last surface contact) are calculated from Green's functions and reveal how a water mass can be cut off from the surface within a short time period. The large differences in the vertical mixing characteristics of the upper ocean boundary layer models have potential implications on the vertical distributions of short-lived chemical tracers and phytoplankton.     

Role of Bacteria in the Carbon and Nitrogen Flow between Water-Column and Sediment in a Shallow Marine Bay (Bay of Piran, Northern Adriatic Sea)

Abstract. The interdependences between phytoplankton standing crop, bacterial biomass and the dissolved organic matter (DOM) pool in the water column were investigated and related to sediment parameters in a shallow marine bay (Bay of Piran, Northern Adriatic Sea) over an annual cycle. Bacterioplankton density varied between 1–10 × 10⁵ cells ml^-1, with lowest density observed in March corresponding to the low Chi a concentrations during this period. Generation times as determined by dialysis incubations ranged between 4h (June) and 82 h (March). Mean bacterial secondary production rates during summer were about 40 mg C m^-1 d^-1 and 5mg C m^-3.d^-1 during winter. With a short time lag, DOM concentrations followed the fluctuation in Chi a.
Sediment oxygen demand measurements revealed a mean mineralization rate of about 260 mg C m^-2 d^-1 during summer and 100–200 mg C m^-2 d^-1 in winter. Sediment bacterial density varied between 10⁸ - 10⁹ cells g (sediment dry wt)^-1 in the top 5 cm sediment layer or, in terms of biomass, 4.3 g C m^-l during summer and 0.6 g C m^-2 during winter. Highest concentrations of DOM in pore waters were measured in September, coinciding with high rates of sediment oxygen demand.