象山港水体的磷酸盐及其对赤潮的潜在影响

根据2012年5月和2017年10月在象山港海域的调查结果,研究了象山港磷酸盐的来源、分布和消耗。磷酸盐浓度在两次的调查中均呈现由港顶向湾口逐渐降低的趋势,说明港顶区有较高浓度磷酸盐的输入,可能主要来自生活污水和海水养殖。磷酸盐、硝酸盐和盐度在象山港外湾的分布特征说明长江和钱塘江是外湾水体磷酸盐的一个重要来源;此外,磷酸盐、硝酸盐和盐度在牛鼻山水道和佛渡水道的差异分布说明,陆地径流可能经由佛渡水道向象山港贡献了一部分的磷酸盐。内湾水体的磷酸盐分布受控于内外湾水体混合和浮游植物的同化作用,磷酸盐在水体停留时间较长的内湾发生了明显的消耗,相比于保守混合模型的估算值,磷酸盐在象山港内湾中的净消耗比例在2012年5月和2017年10月分别约为20%和9%。2017年秋季观测到的磷酸盐浓度[（1.88±0.31）μmol/L]与2002-2005年在同季节观测到的结果相比增加超过了50%,N/P值下降明显,这一变化可能会导致象山港内引发藻华的藻类种群发生变化,同时也可能会引发更为严重的赤潮。     

蓝细菌繁荣滋养的苗岭世光养碳酸盐岩工厂:以安徽寿县卧龙山剖面崮山组为例

描述、界定和解释无穷多样的碳酸盐岩始终是一个谜团,因为许多复杂的问题只有推测性的答案.碳酸盐生产作用体系形象化地定义为碳酸盐岩工厂,最原始的定义是指小于15 m深的清澈浅水环境,因为这是绝大多数碳酸盐生产者的聚居地;后来,基于能量来源,对海相碳酸盐岩工厂提出了一个富有智慧的双重划分,即光养工厂和异养工厂.随着对碳酸盐沉淀作用样式的深入了解,产生了浅海碳酸盐岩工厂或生产作用体系的三重划分,而且被进一步形象化地简称为:①T-工厂,T源于热带或水柱顶部的涵义;②C-工厂,C代表着冷水或受到控制的沉淀作用;③M-工厂,在这里M意味着微生物、泥晶和泥丘.寒武纪苗岭世浅水碳酸盐岩工厂,具有以下两个方面的特殊性:首先是光养的,其次是微生物的(蓝细菌繁荣所滋养的),因此可以识别出两个特别的工厂,即光合作用生物膜诱发的放射鲕粒主导的光养T工厂、以及占据着T-工厂位置的蓝细菌微生物席建造的微生物礁主导的光养-M工厂.安徽寿县卧龙山剖面的寒武系苗岭统崮山组,从凝缩段的陆棚相泥岩变浅至强迫型海退体系域浅缓坡相鲕粒滩相灰岩和均一石主导的微生物礁灰岩,形成一个淹没不整合面所限定的三级层序.一个从微生物放射鲕粒滩到均一石主导的微生物礁的沉积序列,组成了该层序的强迫型海退体系域.下部的放射鲕粒主导的鲕粒滩相灰岩,在鲕粒核心、鲕粒皮层以及鲕粒间的泥晶团块或凝块之中,表现出高密度保存的而且较为肯定地类比于现代织线菌的丝状葛万菌化石,表明了光合作用生物膜诱发了放射鲕粒皮层的放射纤维状方解石的沉淀作用,所以不能理解为非生物成因的沉淀物,从而进一步表明鲕粒滩相灰岩代表着一个特别的光养-T工厂;覆盖在鲕粒滩相灰岩之上的均一石主导的微生物礁,也发育着高密度保存而且占据着超过一半体积或面积的丝状葛万菌,从而代表着一个占据着T-工厂位置的特别的光养M-工厂.因此,一个特别的从光养T-工厂到光养M-工厂的演变序列,发育在寒武纪苗岭世较高的大气圈二氧化碳和氧气含量之下的蓝细菌繁荣的方解石海之中.这些现象和重要发现,为进一步了解寒武纪时期与生物矿化作用得到进化的寒武纪后生动物大爆发相重合、以及与蓝细菌繁荣相关联的有机矿化作用产生的光养微生物碳酸盐岩工厂,提供了一个较为罕见的实例.     

卫星遥感太湖蓝藻水华分布及其气象影响要素分析

分析2003--2007年太湖蓝藻水华遥感监测信息指出,近年来,太湖蓝藻水华的时空分布具有如下特征:(1)太湖蓝藻水华爆发的频次和覆盖面积有扩大的趋势;(2)蓝藻水华爆发时间范围有从夏、秋季向温度更低的冬、春季发展的趋势;(3)蓝藻水华爆发频次最高的区域以及爆发最严重的区域主要集中在太湖西部和北部.蓝藻水华爆发的影响要素中除了污染物质的分布,还包括各种气象要素.经过地面气象观测资料与卫星观测资料的对比分析,发现温度、风、光照、降水等气象要素都会对蓝藻水华爆发起到一定程度的影响作用.其中温度、光照因素对蓝藻水华爆发起到促进作用,风、降水因素对蓝藻水华爆发起到抑制作用.同时注意到,由于湖泊污染情况正处在不断变化之中,因而各种气象要素对蓝藻水华爆发的影响程度也在发生着变化.     

海洋浮游植物群落的比生长率

系统地介绍了海洋浮游植物群落比生长率(μ)及其相关概念。介绍和比较分析了研究μ的细胞分裂周期法、生物化学指示物法、模型法和去除摄食者稀释法这4类方法,推荐去除摄食者稀释法作为中国近海μ研究的重要方法。比较各海区μ的分布规律,初步发现：① μ与群落物种组成密切相关;② μ在大洋低于近岸;③ μ在近岸中等营养高于富营养水域;④ 小粒径浮游植物μ高于大粒径浮游植物。但还有很多未知的情况,尤其是在中国海区此类工作还很薄弱,需加强,为更深入了解海洋生态系统奠定基础。     

太湖蓝藻水华遥感动态监测信息系统设计与实现

对于动态监测太湖蓝藻水华空间分布的业务需求,构建相应遥感动态监测信息系统可以为之提供有力支持。本文从系统总体结构和系统技术流程角度介绍系统的构建思路,并且探讨研发本系统的关键技术。本系统采用系统配置与单体模式技术实现系统架构,并设计良好的数据结构组织影像数据处理过程,同时将当前蓝藻水华遥感信息提取的主要方法应用到系统影像建模中,使得本系统在太湖蓝藻水华遥感监测的业务化运行中取得明显效果。     

富营养化湖泊中的鲢、鳙控藻问题:争议与共识

我国湖泊富营养化的治理方向正在从污染控制走向湖泊的生态修复与管理,因此以鲢、鳙为主导的非经典生物操纵技术受到了关注和重视.然而,鲢、鳙控藻的研究有成败两方面的案例,导致人们对能否利用鲢、鳙控制富营养化湖泊中藻类的过度增长的看法仍有分歧.本文通过对国内大量相关研究案例进行剖析,指出了导致鲢、鳙控藻试验产生不同结果的可能原因,提出了对鲢、鳙控藻研究可以得到的共识,以便为我国湖泊环境的管理和保护提供借鉴.     

Phytoplankton community in the tropical lake of Lagoa Santa (Brazil): Conditions favoring a persistent bloom of Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii

This study presents data on seasonal changes of the phytoplanktonic community of a small tropical lake, Lagoa Santa, in the Brazilian cerrado. Temporal variation in the community structure was small and we observed a permanent dominance of the cyanobacteria Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii. This dominance could be associated to the stability of several environmental conditions. Especially water temperature, always within the optimal growth range for C. raciborskii, and the constant mixed water column may have been important factors driving to the long term dominance of this species in the lake. Remarkable seasonal variation in rainfall, as well as the occasional and non-seasonal variation in nutrient concentrations, were important to explain changes in environmental and biological variables, but were not related to the dominance of C. raciborskii. Pearson's correlation and PCA could just in part explain the stable dominance of this cyanobacterium. Meteorological and chemical factors seem to have no clear control on the variability of the phytoplankton dynamics in Lagoa Santa. The weak relationship between C. raciborskii abundance and environmental variables points to additional intrinsic factors associated to this species that may be important in structuring the phytoplankton assemblage.     

Variability of phytoplankton biomass in a lowland river: Response to climate conditions

The results are presented of an intensive study of phytoplankton assemblage carried out in the Berounka River above its confluence with the Vltava River (Czech Republic) in the period 2002–2007. The annual and interannual changes of phytoplankton development (based on high frequency of sampling) and their relation to hydrological conditions and concentrations of main nutrients are analysed. A marked decline of nutrient concentrations was observed during the period 1996–2007. The annual mean values of total P decreased from 0.43 mg L⁻¹ to 0.16 mg L⁻¹, those of N-NO₃ from 4.6 mg L⁻¹ to 1.5 mg L⁻¹ and N-NH₄ from 1.9 mg L⁻¹ to 0.04 mg L⁻¹. Despite this, the phytoplankton biomass remained at a high level. The seasonal mean values of chlorophyll-a ranged from 51.0 μg L⁻¹ to 116.8 μg L⁻¹ in the same time period. An obviously stronger relationship was found of the phytoplankton biomass and pattern of its development to the variation of flow rates than to the existing level of nutrient concentrations. A significantly decreasing relationship (R² = 0.384, P < 0.001) of chlorophyll-a to flow rates and a significantly increasing relationship (R² = 0.359, P < 0.001) of chlorophyll-a to water temperatures were found, based on monthly mean values for the seasonal period 2002–2007. The results obtained indicate a remarkable increase of phytoplankton biomass and its prolongated occurrence in watercourses, which can be expected due to the consequences of the predicted climate change (i.e. higher occurrence of summer droughts and low precipitation amounts accompanied by a substantial drop of flow rates, increase of air and water temperatures), as described in the respective scenarios for the territory of the Czech Republic. Simulations by the regional climate models HIRHAM and RCAO and emission scenario SRES indicated the increase of air temperature by 2.5–5 °C, decrease of precipitation amount by 6–25% and decline of flows by 14–43% in the Berounka River for the scenario period 2071–2100.     

Experimental study of the zooplankton impact on the trophic structure of phytoplankton and the microbial assemblages in a temperate wetland (Argentina)

An experimental study using mesocosms was conducted in the main shallow lake of a temperate wetland (Otamendi Natural Reserve, Argentina) to analyse the impact of zooplankton on phytoplankton and the microbial assemblages. The lake is characterised by the presence of a fluctuating cover of floating macrophytes, whose shading effects shape the phytoplakton community and the ecosystem functioning, which was absent during the study period. The experiment was run in situ using polyethylene bags, comparing treatments with and without zooplankton. The cascade effect of zooplankton on phytoplankton and the lower levels of the microbial food web (ciliates, heterotrophic nanoflagellates (HNF) and picoplankton) were analysed.A significant zooplankton grazing on the nano-phytoplankton fraction (3–30 μm) was observed. Conversely, large algae (filamentous cyanobacteria, colonial chlorophytes and large diatoms) increased in all mesocosms until day 10, suggesting that they were not actively grazed by zooplankton during this period. However, from day 10 until day 17 this fraction decreased in the enclosures with mesozooplankton, probably due to an increase in the abundance of large herbivores.The results of the experiment would also indicate a trophic cascade effect on the lower levels of the microbial community. In the treatment where zooplankton was removed, the abundance of ciliates followed the same increasing pattern as the abundance of HNF, but with a time lag in its response. In the enclosures without zooplankton, HNF remained relatively constant throughout the experiment, whereas ciliates strongly decrease during the last week. Total picoplankton abundance increased in the enclosures with mesozooplankton, thus supporting the existence of a four-link trophic cascade (copepods–microzooplankton–HNF–picoplankton). Zooplankton composition changed significantly from the beginning until the end of the experiment; cyclopoid nauplii and rotifers were notoriously dominant at t₀, whereas 10 days later the community showed a more equitable proportion of cyclopoids, calanoids, nauplii, cladocerans and rotifers.     

越冬浮游植物光合作用活性的原位研究

水体中浮游植物在越冬期间数量少,关于湖泊中越冬浮游植物如蓝藻、绿藻、硅藻等浮游植物的光合作用活性情况少见报道.本实验通过Phyto-PAM(Pulse Amplitude Modulation)对最大光量子产量Fv/Fm(可变荧光和最大荧光之比)和快速光曲线的测定,结合显微镜镜检结果,并在室内进行了硫酸铜处理以及鲁哥氏液处理实验,对太湖、巢湖和玄武湖处于越冬期间的浮游植物进行了原位光合作用活性的研究.显微镜镜检结果表明太湖和玄武湖水体中以绿藻和硅藻为主,而蓝藻很少,巢湖水体中有大量蓝藻、绿藻和硅藻.Phyto-PAM在对玄武湖和太湖水样原位测定时未检测出蓝藻,而绿藻和硅藻有光合作用活性,其Fv/Fm在0.5左右;对巢湖的水体检测到的蓝藻、绿藻、硅藻都具有光合作用活性,其中绿藻和硅藻的Fv/Fm在0.5左右,蓝藻的Fv/Fm在0.3左右;用硫酸铜处理实验在巢湖水样中发现水体仅有硅藻活性(Fv/Fm下降至0.2左右),而用鲁哥氏液处理后无任何藻类光合作用活性.上述实验结果表明,即使处于越冬期间,以较多数量出现在水体中的蓝藻、绿藻和硅藻仍然具有较高的光合作用活性.