荒漠地区两种生态型芦苇叶片的抗氧化生理特性分析

以生长于腾格里沙漠南缘的沙丘芦苇（沙芦,DR）和戈壁盐湖芦苇（盐芦,GSR）为研究对象,以水生芦苇（SR）为对照材料,研究荒漠地区两种生态型芦苇在各自自然生境下改变体内还原状态的抗氧化机制。结果表明,沙芦和盐芦的脂质过氧化水平高于水芦,过氧化氢和一氧化氮含量也高,类胡萝卜素与叶绿素的比率增加,且盐芦高于沙芦。这表明沙芦和盐芦的体内氧化水平高于水芦,盐芦的氧化程度更高。抗氧化系统酶活性的响应分析表明,沙芦和盐芦叶片中总抗氧化能力大于水芦,超氧化物歧化酶、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶和一氧化氮合酶活性也高于水芦,但过氧化氢酶和谷胱甘肽还原酶活性没有明显的差异,而过氧化物酶活性却比水芦低。与质膜渗透调节能力相关的Na+/K+-ATP酶和Ca2+/Mg2+-ATP酶活性在盐芦中明显高于沙芦和水芦。这表明芦苇在干旱和盐渍条件下忍受诱导的次级氧化胁迫的能力提高。     

Transfer of results from reed research into practice as illustrated by reed protection measures in Berlin

There is great interest in solving the question of how far the successful establishment of common reed for shore restoration is influenced by genetically determined characteristics of different reed clones. For this purpose, ten reed clones were planted at six artificial sand banks in 1995, according to a special planting design. The growth and expansion performance of the clones was compared.The reed plants grew without significant stress in the first vegetation period, resulting in newly established reed stands in a very good condition at the end of the season. Despite the same site conditions at the experimental plots, the planted clones differed significantly in their morphology and stand structure. By comparison, reed plants of the same clone exhibited strong similarity on all experimental plots. These results appear to justify the assertion that, at least during the initial phase of establishing a reed stand, the development of stand structure is determined more by genetically controlled programmes than by site conditions. Only long-term investigations will be able to clarify to what extent stable stand structures are formed by genetically controlled programmes after polycormons reach maturity.     

Susceptibility of lakeside phragmites reeds to environmental stresses: Examples from Lake Constance-Untersee (SW-Germany)

The lakeside border of Phragmites reeds is under the control of many environmental factors, among which the flooding height and the degree of mechanical load by waves and washes are the most prominent. Examples from Lake Constance-Untersee show that the reed front retreats under enhanced stresses. Models are presented that describe the susceptibility of lakeside reeds to mechanical damage and to flooding events. A monitoring programme which ran from 1984/85 to 1992/93 showed a slow lakeward progression of the reeds in a decade of abnormally low water conditions.     

Insect communities of Phragmites habitats used for sewage purification: Effects of age and area of habitats on species richness and herbivore-parasitoid interactions

In 1994, 28 sewage purification plants based on common reed Phragmites australis were analyzed, to study fragmentation effects on diversity and on food web structure of insect communities. Purification plants differed in age (2 to 11 years) and area (10 to 2,500 m²). Both age and area were significantly correlated with species richness of herbivores. Populations of the two most abundant herbivores, the gall makers Lipara pullitarsis (Diptera, Chloropidae) and Giraudiella inclusa (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae), increased significantly with age and size of the Phragmites habitats, i.e. the purification plants. Incidence curves showed that only habitats older than 6 years and larger than 100 m² have a 50% probability of finding these two most abundant gall makers, and can correspondingly be considered to contribute to insect species conservation. Natural enemies were even more susceptible to habitat fragmentation than their phytophagous hosts or prey, thereby hampering possible biocontrol. Percent parasitism of both the Lipara and Giraudiella gall makers significantly increased with habitat age.     

干旱胁迫对莫莫格湿地芦苇叶片光合生理生态的影响机理研究

为了揭示干旱胁迫对芦苇(Phragmites australis)叶片光合生理生态的影响机理,利用LI-6400便携式光合仪和快速叶绿素荧光仪,对干旱胁迫条件下的芦苇叶片光合生理以及芦苇生长状态进行测量分析。结果表明,干旱5d后,芦苇叶片光合速率小幅下降,干旱15d后,其光合速率明显下降,芦苇生长受到显著抑制;干旱胁迫下,芦苇叶片叶绿素含量先增加后减少;芦苇叶片光系统II(PSII)对干旱胁迫反应较敏感,在干旱20d后,其光合电子传递能力和光合性能指数下降,热耗散增加。在干旱胁迫初期,芦苇叶片光合速率的下降以气孔限制为主;在干旱胁迫后期,非气孔限制与气孔限制都起作用,其中非气孔因素主要是指光系统II活性的下降,活性反应中心减少,电子传递能力下降,降低了光系统II的整体光化学性能,进而降低了芦苇叶片的光合速率,抑制了芦苇的生长。     

湿地芦苇对有毒重金属元素的抗性及吸收和累积

通过对大冶市铜绿山铜矿区人工湿地中芦苇的野外调查和Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr 5种有毒重金属元素的测试分析发现,该区芦苇对有毒重金属元素具有良好的抗性.同时,该湿地芦苇对5种重金属元素的吸收和累积表现出两种不同的模式:①芦苇植物体内Zn、Cu、Cd质量分数及分配百分比表现为根＞叶＞茎,且根组织中Zn、Cu、Cd的质量分数及分配百分比远远高于其他组织(茎、叶),而叶组织中略高于茎组织;②芦苇体内Pb和Cr质量分数及分配百分比表现为根＞茎＞叶,根、茎、叶组织中的质量分数及分配百分比均较高且基本相当,差异不明显.生物富集系数的计算结果显示,芦苇不同组织(根、茎、叶)对有毒重金属元素的生物富集能力存在较大差异,根组织的生物富集能力最大,且容易富集Pb和Cd;而茎、叶组织的生物富集能力较低,易富集Pb.     

Planktonic algae and epiphyton of the littoral in lake Peipsi, Estonia

The littoral plankton of Lake Peipsi (3555 km², mean depth 7.1 m) was studied in summer 1980 and 2000–2002, and the epiphyton was studied on two dominating macrophytes, Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. and Potamogeton perfoliatus L., in 2000. The purpose of the study was to estimate to what extent the littoral phytoplankton and epiphytic algae (their biomass, chlorophyll a content and dominant species) can be used as a criterion for the trophic state of the lake. In wind-open areas, phytoplankton biomass in the littoral is commonly more than ten times higher than in open water due to the presence of the macroscopic cyanobacterium Gloeotrichia echinulata (J.S. Smith) P. Richter. This alga is abundant in the moderately eutrophic northern lake's part and rare in the strongly eutrophic southern part; hence also biomass in the southern part is considerably lower. In open water, phytoplankton biomass increases southward with increasing trophy. Algal biomass in the littoral depends on wind direction and can change completely in a few days. Epiphyton biomass and Chla content increased southward with increasing trophic state. They both revealed significant Spearman correlations (P < 0.05) with wind index and transparency (negative), and with abundance of the host plant, both reed and pondweed (positive). The phytoplankton biomass of the littoral of the large and shallow Lake Peipsi can not be used as a criterion of trophic state, however, the species composition of the dominants, particularly cyanobacteria, is well applicable for this purpose. The biomass and Chla content of the epiphyton can be used as a criterion for trophic state.     

盘锦湿地芦苇群落土壤呼吸作用动态及其影响因子分析

采用LI-6400-09土壤呼吸室对盘锦湿地芦苇群落土壤呼吸作用,于2004年7月—2005年12月进行连续野外观测。结果表明:非淹水状态下,湿地芦苇群落土壤呼吸作用具有明显的日变化和季节变化特征;淹水状态下,湿地芦苇群落土壤呼吸作用接近于0。2005年潮汐造成的洪水减少了2/3的土壤呼吸作用。2004年和2005年芦苇群落土壤呼吸作用最大值都出现于洪水退去后。影响湿地芦苇群落土壤呼吸作用空间异质性的主导因子是生物因子,而在同一时间影响湿地芦苇群落土壤呼吸作用的主导因子是温度和水分。     

Reedbed evapotranspiration rates in England

Measurements of evapotranspiration from contrasting stands of Phragmites australis [ET(Reed)] were obtained over several years at three sites within England between 1994 and 1998. A comparison with published ET(Reed) values showed the UK rates to be considerably lower than those measured in continental Europe. From the ET(Reed) data monthly crop coefficients [K_c(Reed)] have been developed, which when used with Reference Crop Evapotranspiration will enable reedbed water use to be determined. Due to the differences in study site characteristics, values for K_c varied widely, and it was not considered appropriate to combine results to produce a single set of monthly mean values. However, suggestions are made regarding the application of the K_c(Reed) values to wetland design. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

闽江河口湿地互花米草与芦苇光合特性及适应性研究

互花米草在闽江河口鳝鱼滩湿地中潮滩的入侵及快速扩张,已严重威胁到鳝鱼滩湿地的生物多样性及土著种沼泽植物生态系统的结构与功能。为了从植物光合速率的角度分析互花米草入侵及快速扩张的生理生态学机制,利用Li-6400便携式光合作用仪测定了互花米草与土著种芦苇的光合速率日进程及光合光响应曲线。结果表明,互花米草净光合速率的日均值与最大值均大于芦苇,互花米草可积累更多的光合作用产物,使其具有更快的生长速率和初级生产力。根据两种植物的光合光响应曲线可以看出,互花米草利用光合有效辐射的能力更强,显示出互花米草的高适应性。