不同水淹环境下河口感潮湿地枯落物分解及营养动态

采用分解袋法,以我国东南沿海典型的感潮河口--闽江河口最大的鳝鱼滩湿地为研究区域,选取2个潮水水淹环境差异显著的地段(一个为近潮沟地段,另一个为远潮沟地段)为研究样地,对闽江河口主要的本地种芦苇、短叶茳芏及外来人侵种互花米草枯落物分解过程及影响因素进行研究,结果表明:(1)经常性的潮汐水淹对3种植物枯落物分解速率的影响不显著;(2)经常性的潮汐水淹促进了短叶茳芏和互花米草枯落物N、P元素的损失,但对芦苇的影响不大;(3)在2种不同的水淹环境,3种植物枯落物分解速率由快到慢的顺序均是短叶茳芏>互花米草>和芦苇,分解速率在0.003166～0.005280 d-1之间,95%干物质分解需要的时间在1.56～2.61 a之间;(4)C浓度基本稳定,N浓度呈上升趋势,总N在研究末期表现为净损失,P浓度呈较大的波动,总P在研究末期也表现为净损失;(5)具有最低C/P的短叶茳芏枯落物分解速率最快.     

芦苇化感组分对羊角月牙藻和雷氏衣藻生长特性的影响

研究了从芦苇(Phragmitis communis Trin)中分离得到的化感组分对羊角月牙藻(Selenastrum caprtcornutum)和雷氏衣藻(Chlamydomonas reinhardtii)生长特性的影响.在藻类生长的对数期向培养液中投加不同浓度的化感组分,分别测定并观察了培养期间受试藻种藻密度和藻细胞形态的变化情况.结果表明,该化感组分对羊角月牙藻藻密度的增长具有明显的抑制作用,半效应浓度(EC50.7d)值为0.60mg/L,同时使羊角月牙藻细胞内部结构改变,形态变大.投加6mg/L化感组分后,藻细胞平均宽度是对照组的1.5倍.该化感组分对雷氏衣藻藻密度的增长没有明显的抑制作用,但使其运动性能降低.     

鄱阳湖湿地典型植被群落地下水—土壤—植被—大气系统界面水分通量及水源组成

地下水-土壤-植被-大气系统(GSPAC)界面水分传输是湿地生态水文过程研究的关键.本文选取鄱阳湖湿地高位滩地的2种典型植被群落:茵陈蒿(Artemisia capillaris)和芦苇(Phragmites australis)群落为研究对象,运用HYDRUS-1D垂向一维数值模拟,量化了湿地GSPAC系统界面水分通量,阐明了典型丰水年(2012年)和枯水年(2013年)鄱阳湖湿地植被群落的蒸腾用水规律和水源组成.结果表明:(1)茵陈蒿和芦苇群落土壤-大气界面的年降水入渗量为1570~1600 mm,主要集中在雨季4-6月,占年总量的60%;植物-大气界面的年蒸腾总量分别为346~470 mm和926~1057 mm,其中7-8月植被生长旺季最大,占年总量的40%~46%;地下水-根区土壤界面的向上补给水量受不同水文年水位变化的影响显著,地下水年补给量分别为15~513 mm和277~616 mm,主要发生在蒸散发作用强烈和地下水埋深较浅的时段.(2)植被蒸腾用水分为生长初期(4-6月)和生长旺季(7-10月)2个阶段,丰水年植被的整个生长期蒸腾用水充足,枯水年植被生长旺季的蒸腾用水受到严重水分胁迫,实际蒸腾量仅为潜在蒸腾量的一半左右.(3)不同水文年湿地植被生长旺季的水源贡献不同:丰水年茵陈蒿群落以地下水补给为主,芦苇群落以湖水和地下水补给为主;枯水年茵陈蒿群落以降水和前期土壤水储量为主,芦苇群落以地下水补给为主.本研究结果有助于揭示湿地植被的水分利用策略,为阐明湖泊水情变化与植被演替的作用机理提供参考依据.     

湿地植物种类和生长方式对根际酞酸酯及其单酯代谢物分布特征的影响

选取天津大学校内两个相邻的小型湖泊(青年湖和爱晚湖)为研究对象,研究了湿地植物种类(芦苇和香蒲)和生长方式(单生和混生)对根际酞酸酯(PAEs)及其单酯代谢物(PAMs)分布特征的影响.结果显示:几乎所有的样品中都能检测到酞酸丁二酯(DBP)和酞酸二异辛酯(DEHP)及其单酯代谢物(MBP和MEHP),并且DBP和DEHP的浓度比相应的单酯代谢物高1～2个数量级;沉积物和根样品中DEHP的浓度高于DBP;芦苇和香蒲根对DEHP的富集系数(RCF)大于DBP.当芦苇和香蒲单生时(即青年湖),芦苇根际沉积物中DBP和DEHP浓度≤香蒲根际沉积物的浓度,并且芦苇根的RCF值也小于香蒲.当芦苇和香蒲混生时(即爱晚湖),芦苇根际沉积物中DBP和DEHP浓度<香蒲根际沉积物的浓度,而芦苇根的RCF值≥香蒲根的RCF值,与青年湖中不同.青年湖香蒲根际沉积物中DBP和DEHP的浓度小于爱晚湖,而香蒲根的RCF值与此刚好相反.芦苇根对这两种PAEs的富集没有这种关系,可能是由于这两个湖中芦苇的生长状况不同,与香蒲混生时,芦苇的生长受到抑制.对PAEs的单酯代谢产物分析发现,沉积物中MBP/DBP>MEHP/DEHP.MEHP在根中的浓度多数情况高于MBP,表明MEHP比MBP具有较强的根富集能力.同种植物单生时,根中PAM浓度均≥混生.     

盘锦湿地芦苇群落冠层内辐射分布特征

基于盘锦湿地芦苇群落冠层内不同层次的微气象要素与生物学特性观测,探讨芦苇群落冠层内总辐射分布与叶面积指数(LAI)的关系。结果表明:芦苇群落内太阳辐射的垂直分布在生长前期(5月)和后期(9月)呈S型曲线,生长盛期(6月和7月)呈指数曲线变化。冠层内不同层次的太阳辐射透射率随叶面积指数的增加而减少,消光系数(k)存在明显的季节变化,表现为从萌芽期到成熟期逐渐减小趋势(最小值k=0.436)。     

内蒙古河套灌区湿地芦苇根际可培养细菌多样性

以内蒙古河套灌区湿地植物芦苇(Phragmites australis)根际土壤为材料,采用分离培养法对天然湿地和退化湿地的芦苇根际细菌多样性进行了研究。16SrRNA基因系统发育分析的结果显示,分离自天然湿地芦苇根际的45株细菌分属于γ-变形菌纲(44.44%)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)(42.22%)和放线菌门(Actinobacteria)(13.33%)3大类群,其中,γ-变形菌纲为最优势类群,芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)(42.2%)为最优势菌属;分离自退化湿地芦苇根际的44株细菌分属γ-变形菌纲(13.63%)、β-变形菌纲(6.82%)、厚壁菌门(47.73%)及放线菌门(Actino-bacteria)(31.82%)4大类群,其中厚壁菌门为最优势类群,芽孢杆菌属(40.9%)为最优势菌属。研究结果表明,天然湿地和退化湿地芦苇根际细菌都具有较丰富的多样性,但天然湿地与退化湿地芦苇根际细菌群落结构存在一定差异。     

苏北溱湖芦苇和芦苇+香蒲群落中植物对湿地土壤N、P的固持效果

湿地土壤是湿地生态系统固持氮(N)、磷(P)的重要库,水生高等植物在湿地土壤固持N、P过程中起到了非常重要的作用.本研究采用室外取样与室内实验结合的方法,对溱湖湿地两种主要湿地类型(芦苇(Phragmites australis)群落和芦苇+香蒲(Typha latifolia)群落)影响湿地土壤N、P固持过程的规律展开研究.分析了芦苇、香蒲各器官生物量和总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)含量及储量对于土壤各土层TN和TP含量的影响.结果显示:(1)溱湖湿地对于水体TN和TP有一定的削减作用,且对TN的削减作用更大;(2)芦苇可以增强湿地土壤(30 cm以下的土层)富集N的效率,并且芦苇+香蒲群落中土壤固N效率更高,芦苇植株内TN和TP储量都是根茎叶穗,而香蒲则是根穗茎叶;(3)芦苇和香蒲茎、叶器官的TN和TP含量在夏季均显著高于其他几个季节,尤其是芦苇茎的TN含量在夏季高出其他几个季节70%~84%,而TP含量甚至高出其他几个季节81%~92%;(4)芦苇、香蒲对于P贫瘠的响应机制不同,导致芦苇会消耗土壤P,而香蒲的介入可以抵消这一消耗过程.因此,芦苇+香蒲的植物配置模式可以提高湿地土壤固持N、P的综合效率.     

In situ experimental decomposition studies in estuaries: A comparison of Phragmites australis and Fucus vesiculosus

The decomposition rates of Phragmites australis and Fucus vesiculosus were experimentally determined in an estuarine system using the leaf-bag technique. The study was conducted in fifteen sites arranged in five areas, extending from freshwater, outside the tidal range, to the marine environment, near the mouth of the estuary. The leaf-bags (5 mm mesh), were set up with 3.0 g of dried substrate, submerged in the experimental sites at day 0 and collected at days 3, 7, 15, 30 and 60, to follow biomass loss. The biomass loss through the leaching phase (day 3) was about 16% for Phragmites australis and 33% for Fucus vesiculosus and was independent of salinity for both substrates. The difference in the remaining biomass between the two species increased with time and the decomposition rates differed along the salinity gradient. For F. vesiculosus, the decomposition rate was highest near the mouth of the estuary, corresponding to the preferential distribution area of the algae, and decreased towards freshwater. For Phragmites australis, the fastest decay was observed in the mid estuary, where Phragmites australis occurs naturally, confirming previous studies. The decomposition rates measured at different time intervals (0–15, 0–30 and 0–60 days) were always higher for the algae and decreased with time for both species. These results indicate that the use of decomposition rates as a measure of ecosystem integrity or quality status in transitional waters will not be straightforward and must take into account, among others, the test species, the study area positioning along the estuarine gradient, and the time interval for the calculation of the decomposition rate.     

Nitrogen Removal in Vegetated and Unvegetated Drainage Ditches Impacted by Diffuse and Point Sources of Pollution

Secondary drainage canals have the potential to effectively mitigate excess nitrogen loads from diffuse and point sources. In vegetated (Phragmites australis and Typha latifolia) and in unvegetated canals subjected to diffuse and point pollution, nitrogen removal was evaluated by means of simple in–out mass balance and potential uptake by macrophytes was estimated from biomass data. Results suggest an elevated control of nitrogen in vegetated ditches receiving point source of pollution (average abatement of 50% of the total N load per linear km), whereas removal processes are much less effective in unvegetated ditches. The comparison between net abatement and plant uptake, highlights the presence of other unaccounted for processes responsible for a relevant percentage of total N removal. Overall, results from this study suggest the importance of actions aiming at the appropriate management of emergent vegetation, in order to improve its direct and indirect metabolic functions and maximize nitrogen removal in impacted watersheds.     

The distribution characteristics of nitrogen and phosphorus in the ecological system of Mt. Beigu wetland

The Mt. Beigu wetland, which has undergone periodical changes in water level, lies by the Yangtze River, and its dominant plants are Phragmites communis, Phalaris arundinacea and Polygonum lapathifolium. In order to study the distribution characteristics of nitrogen and phosphorus in the ecological system of the Mt. Beigu wetland, the authors measured the contents of total nitrogen and total phosphorus in Phragmites communis, Phalaris arundinacea and Polygonum lapathifolium, and the contents of nitrogen and phosphorus in the wetland soils with different plant species. In addition the authors investigated the influence of various plants on the spatial and seasonal (spring/autumn) distributions of nitrogen and phosphorus in the wetland soil. The contents of nitrogen and phosphoms in Phalaris arundinacea are significantly higher than those of the other two plant species in the same part. Secondary pollution of phosphorus in the wetland results mainly from Phalaris arundinacea. Phragmites com-munis effectively carries away nitrogen and phosphorus in the wetland soil in the wet season. The capacity of Poly-gonum lapathifolium to remove nitrogen is lowest among the 3 species of plants. These findings offer a theoretical foundation for the selection of plant species to restore the ecological environment and for the selection of time and depth for purging silt on the riverside wetland.