Transport and delivery of suspended solids, nitrogen and phosphorus from various sources to freshwaters in the UK

Sources of nutrients and suspended solids (SS) are diverse in origin and dynamic with respect to their transport pathways and delivery to surface and groundwaters. Three broad source groups can be identified based on their hydrological and compositional characteristics. Consented discharges from point sources are generally continuous and highly concentrated relative to receiving waters while non-point (diffuse) sources are generally more dilute with SS and phosphorus in particular tending to have a high transport dependence upon hydrological (storm) events. A third group with properties that are intermediate include overflows from septic systems, seepages from farmyards or road/track runoff. This grouping automatically introduces a strong temporal and spatial variability in the relative contribution individual group sources make to the total quantity of nutrients and SS delivered to freshwaters. This spatial or temporal variability in either effluent volumes or composition is generally not considered when predicting impacts, which can be highly significant in headwater streams. Complete compositional data for individual sources (especially the intermediary group) are also often lacking when apportioning source contributions in catchments, being simply lumped into average export coefficients. Better definition of intermediary sources would help to more accurately define the relative contribution of different sources and enable cost-effective river basin management planning as required under the Water Framework Directive.     

Enrichment of Platinum-group Elements (PGE) and Re-Os Isotopic Tracing for Porphyry Copper (Gold) Deposits

Platinum-group elements （PGE） in PGE-rich porphyry copper （gold） deposits are mainly Pt and Pd, whereas the concentrations of other PGE （Ru, Rh, Os, Ir） are significantly low. Moreover, Pt and Pd mainly exist in sulfides in the forms of crystal lattice or tiny platinum-group mineral （PGM） inclusions. The present data show that there is a positive relationship between Pt and Pd concentrations and Cu （Au） in porphyry copper （gold） deposits. The comparison of chondrite-normalized PGE distribution patterns between the ore-bearing porphyry intrusions and ore-barren porphyry intrusions in arc setting, 187^Os/188^Os, 87^Sr/86^Sr and S isotopes for porphyry copper （gold） deposits shows that PGEs were mainly derived from the mantle, and fluids from subduction zones devoted trivial PGE to the magma. The porphyry copper （gold） deposits associated with subducted events are most probably enriched in PGE, whereas those related to crustal thickening, lithospheric delamination or underplating rarely concentrate PGE. The osmium isotopic compositions in porphyry copper （gold） deposits reveal that （187^Os/188^Os）i values are highly variable and not lower than those of primitive upper mantle （PUM） and mantle peridotite, however, osmium concentrations are commonly lower than mantle peridotite, suggesting that parental magmas of some porphyry intrusions had experienced crustal contamination during magma evolution. Experimental investigations have proved that PGE exist in the forms of Cl^- and HS^- complexes during transportation and migration of the oreforming fluids. This paper summarizes previous studies including crucial controlling factors and mechanisms for PGE enrichment, and points out that the mantle-derived magmas parental to porphyry intrusions are the prerequisite for PGE enrichment in porphyry copper （gold） deposits. Favorable physical and chemical conditions （including salinity, temperature, pressure, pH, and oxygen fugacity） in hydrothermal fluids crucially control the     

天津围海造陆区吹填土氮磷的分布特征

天津临港经济区地处滨海, 完全是由填海造陆形成的人工陆地。土壤是港口航道清淤淤泥、近海海沙吹填围海造陆后形成的吹填土, 其性质特殊, 研究吹填土壤中氮磷空间分布对了解该区域环境状况有重要意义。研究发现:天津临港吹填土整体含氮量较低, 按土层深度分布, 平均质量分数为161.73~240.09 mg/kg;含磷量相对丰富, 平均质量分数为355.54~443.27 mg/kg;总氮变异系数较大, 总磷变异系数较小, 氮、磷质量分数主要受不同区域吹填土性质影响。吹填土中有机磷质量分数较少, 平均仅占总磷的3.83%, 吹填土中磷大多以无机磷形式存在, 其相对质量分数从大到小为:钙结合磷(Ca-P) >铁结合磷(Fe-P) >铝结合磷(Al-P) >闭蓄态磷(Oc-P) >碎屑磷(De-P) >交换态磷(Ex-P)。研究表明, 临港吹填土氮、磷质量分数水平对近海环境有潜在富营养污染威胁。     

中高盐度NaCl-H_2O溶液包裹体3种存在形式(T_h》T_m、T_h=T_m、T_h 时的物化条件研究

首次提出均一捕获的中高盐度NaCl-H_2O溶液包裹体出现的3种类型(T_h>T_m、T_h=T_m、T_h<T_m)主要取决于包裹体捕获时的相态(均一相与不均一相)及包裹体捕获后降温和升温过程中引起的ΔV_l(NaCl-H_2O饱和溶液容积的变化)与ΔV_s(盐晶容积的变化)之间的关系.在均一捕获NaCl-H_2O饱和溶液时,当包裹体的|ΔV_l|>|ΔV_s|,即在NaCl饱和曲线上温度小于Tr点温度(|ΔV_l|=|ΔV_s|时的温度)段捕获包裹体的T_h=T_m,T_h或T_m为其捕获时温度.当包裹体的|ΔV_l|≤|ΔV_s|,即在NaCl饱和曲线上温度大于或等于Tr点温度段捕获的包裹体的T_h<T_m,T_m是其捕获温度,T_h与捕获时的压力呈负相关关系.在均一捕获不饱和NaCl-H_2O溶液时,即温度大于饱和点温度,密度小于饱和点密度区间捕获的包裹体的T_h>T_m,T_h是该类包裹体捕获的最低温度.在温度和密度均大于Tr点的等容线上捕获的包裹体的T_h<T_m,其T_m是该类包裹体捕获的最低温度,T_h与捕获时的压力呈负相关关系,在温度小于T_r点的等容线上捕获的包裹体的T_h=T_m,其T_h或T_m是该类包裹体捕获的最低温度.在不均一捕获NaCl-H_2O饱和溶液时, T_h与T_m高于或等于捕获温度,T_h与T_m的关系决定于捕获时盐晶和气泡的容积比.通过热力学计算还确定了气液平衡标准条件(1个大气压、25 ℃)下Tr点温度为335 ℃.提出通过计算不同温压条件下的Tr点值、常温常压下的V_l、V_g、V_s之间的比值来区分该类包裹体的捕获环境(均一相与不均一相).     

末次盛冰期以来冲绳海槽中部沉积物有机碳和磷的地球化学研究

利用元素及同位素地球化学方法研究了冲绳海槽中部沉积物岩芯中有机碳及磷的地球化学特征及影响因素。结果表明,冲绳海槽沉积速率(16.5～32.5 cm/ka)变化小,不是沉积物中有机碳埋藏的重要影响因素。相对于全新世氧化性底水环境,末次盛冰期/冰消期冲绳海槽缺氧底水环境提高了沉积物对有机碳的埋藏效率。冲绳海槽沉积物中各形态磷的相对含量与其他边缘海沉积物中的相似。交换态磷(Ex-P)含量低、变化小。末次盛冰期/冰消期缺氧底水环境下铁氧化物的还原溶解导致铁结合磷(Fe-P)释放以及自生磷矿物(Au-P)的形成。全新世氧化性底水条件有利于铁氧化物的有效再生及对磷的再吸附,但不利于Au-P的保存。总有机碳(TOC)和有机磷(Org-P)之间良好的相关性表明TOC埋藏对Org-P含量的重要控制作用。冲绳海槽沉积物中碎屑磷(De-P)含量低于长江口及东海陆架沉积物中的含量,这与陆源碎屑向外海传输减弱有关。在约9.3kaBP(岩芯200cm深度),TOC、Fe-P、Org-P、De-P以及FeHR均出现的极小值可能由物质坡移造成。     

太湖水体磷浓度与赋存量长期变化(2005-2018年)及其对未来磷控制目标管理的启示

为揭示大型浅水湖泊水体磷浓度对湖泊外源负荷削减和生态系统变化的响应规律,指导富营养化湖泊水生态修复和管理实践,利用太湖湖泊生态系统研究站2005-2018年连续14年的太湖水体各形态磷浓度的月、季度调查数据,估算了太湖湖体各形态磷赋存量的季度变化,分析了太湖水体磷浓度受湖泊水位、水量、蓝藻水华态势(蓝藻总生物量及水华出现面积)等环境条件变化的影响特征.结果表明,在连续10年的全流域高投入污染治理背景下,太湖水体总磷浓度仍未发生显著下降,水体各形态磷浓度在年际、月际及空间上的变幅大,不同季节和不同湖区总磷浓度的时空差异性大于14年来总磷浓度年均值的差异性;全湖32个监测点上、中、下3层混合样水体总磷平均值为0.113mg/L(n=1788),其中颗粒态磷浓度平均值为0.077mg/L,是水体总磷的主要赋存形式,溶解性总磷浓度平均值为0.036mg/L,其中反应性活性磷浓度平均值为0.015mg/L,占总磷浓度的13%;太湖水体总磷的赋存量介于410～1098t之间,56个季度的平均值为688t,其中冬季(12-2月)、春季(3-5月)、夏季(6-8月)、秋季(9-11月)平均值分别为68...     

若干深穿透地球化学方法在智利Spence隐伏斑岩铜矿床上的应用试验

在智利Spence隐伏斑岩铜矿床进行的深穿透地球化学国际合作项目应用试验中,中国的活动态顺序提取和超滤技术及加拿大实验室的6种选择性提取方法在矿体上方均有较好的元素异常显示.为了辨别异常的类型,笔者对试验样品进行铜的工业矿物相提取和测试,发现氧化物相和硫化物相铜在矿体上方有更好的异常显示,确认上述元素异常应当是矿致异常.就Spence一类隐伏斑岩铜矿床而言,在发现铜异常的基础上,应该用痕量元素相态分离、测试技术,定量找寻铜元素的工业矿物异常,如果两种异常吻合,则将更有把握对隐伏的矿体(床)作出正确的评价.     

黄海北部夏季无机氮赋存形态及其与反硝化速率的关系研究

用乙炔抑制法对北黄海海域沉积物-水界面反硝化速率进行了研究,并用分相浸取法对相应站位沉积物中氮的赋存形态进行了分析.结果表明,该海域界面反硝化速率在3.2.～7.5 μmol/m2·h之间,可提取无机氮的平均含量范围在0.7 2～80.36 μg/g之间.对两者之间的关系研究表明,该海域反硝化速率与沉积物中离子交换态(IEF)硝酸盐氮和可提取无机总氮之间存在较好的相关性,相关系数分别为0.947和0.88 6(P＜0.01);与碳酸盐结合态(CF)和铁锰氧化物态(IMOF)的硝酸盐氮及氨氮之间相关性不明显.     

邯郸-峰峰矿区不同变质程度煤中有机氮的赋存形态

氮是煤中的常见元素之一,煤中氮的赋存形态多样且随煤阶发生变化。以邯郸-峰峰矿区为例,利用X射线光电子能谱（XPS）实验,研究不同变质程度煤（R_ran=1.08%~3.67%）中有机氮的赋存形态,探讨煤中各形态有机氮相对含量随煤阶的变化规律。结果表明：按N 1s XPS谱图分峰峰值的结合能可将煤中氮的形态归为N-6、N-5、N-Q和N-X四种;研究区煤中N-5的相对含量最高,且随着煤阶的增高而降低;N-Q的相对含量随着煤阶的增高而增高;煤中N-6的相对含量随煤阶呈“增-减-稳”的变化规律;N-X的相对含量为9.1%~35.1%,其与煤阶关系不明显;在煤阶R_ran=1.08%~1.47%的范围内,煤的N 1s XPS谱图中缺失N-Q分峰,表明褐煤中相对含量最高的质子化吡啶氮在此阶段已几乎全部去质子化而转化为吡啶氮。不同变质阶段氮的赋存形态变化特征对燃煤发电及煤化工领域煤化学参数选取提供参考。     

华北某些富磷碱性-偏碱性杂岩岩浆成分和熔体结构与含矿性关系

华北富磷碱性-偏碱性杂岩的岩浆成分和岩浆熔体结构对岩浆的含磷性和磷的富集起着控制作用。磷的富集作用发生在岩浆起源阶段和岩浆分异作用(岩浆不混溶作用、结晶分异作用)阶段。在这两个阶段的演化过程中,P_2O_5含量及其变化趋势严格受岩浆成分、熔体结构(如NBO/T,M/F)和α_(SiO_2)、μ_(K_2O)控制,表现为P_2O_5含量与SiO_2、K_2O、K_2O+Na_2O及CaO/(MgO+SiO_2)等有密切关系。