Jump conditions and dynamic surface tension at permeable interfaces such as the inner core boundary

We consider a fluid crossing a zone of rapid density change, so thin that it can be considered as a density jump interface. In this case, the normal velocity undergoes a jump. For a Newtonian viscous fluid with low Reynolds number (creeping flow) that keeps its rheological properties within the interface, we show that this implies that the traction cannot be continuous across the density jump because the tangential stress is singular. The appropriate jump conditions are established by using the calculus of distributions, taking into account the curvature of the interface as well as the density and viscosity changes. Independently of any intrinsic surface tension, a dynamic surface tension appears and turns out to be proportional to the mass transfer across the interface and to a coefficient related to the variations of density and viscosity within the interface. Explicit solutions are exhibited to illustrate the importance of these new jump conditions. The example of the Earth's inner core crystallisation is questioned.     

2015年尼泊尔MS8.1地震震源区S波三维速度结构与强震发生机理研究

利用2001-2003年期间在2015年4月12日尼泊尔M_S8.1级强震震源区流动地震观测记录到的连续波形数据,提取了5~25 s周期的瑞利波相速度频散曲线,并构建了尼泊尔地震震源区二维瑞利波相速度分布图像.以0.5°×0.5°为网格大小将研究区网格化,采用NA算法反演得到尼泊尔地震震源地区三维S波速度结构.结果显示,在上地壳,以主前锋逆冲断裂带（MFT）为界,其以北地区为高波速异常,而其以南为明显低波速异常;在中地壳,以藏南拆离系（STDS）为界,南北两侧速度结构也存在明显差别,以南地区为明显高波速异常,而以北地区为明显低波速异常.这些结构特征说明,印度板块与欧亚板块碰撞挤压作用形成地幔热物质上涌并造成地壳物质部分熔融,并由此形成了东西向拉张的南北向裂谷.2015年尼泊尔M_S8.1级主震和最大余震均发生于高低波速异常过渡区且偏向高波速异常区,暗示了这样的波速异常区易于积累能量孕育强震.主震和最大余震的南侧均存在明显的低波速异常,与主喜马拉雅滑脱断裂带（MHT）相对应,可能代表部分熔融或深部流体作用于主边界断裂带（MBT）附近的MHT断裂带,降低断层面上的有效正应力,从而触发尼泊尔强震及最大余震的发生.主震与最大余震之间的余震分布于高低波速异常变化较为明显的地区,说明研究区内地震的发生受震源区附近的速度结构控制.     

Global thermal and dynamical perturbations due to Cretaceous mantle avalanche

The numerical models of mantle convection agree to depict avalanches behaviour according to the level of endothermicity of the spinel → perovskite phase change. Their potential effects on the global thermal and dynamical states of the mantle have been computed thanks to a numerical code, which takes into account both the 400-km exothermic and the 660-km endothermic phase changes. The cycle followed by the avalanches is: local layering, destabilization of the 660-km thermal layer, travelling and spreading on the core, and reappearing of the local layering. Therefore, mantle convection is characterized by quiet periods of partial layering embedded in catastrophic events. During the avalanche, the amplitude of the surface velocity is multiplied by two, which would imply an enhanced plate tectonic and ridge activities. The global thermal effects of the avalanche are compatible with a high mantle temperature and an acceleration of Earth's rotation during the Cretaceous. They also offer a coherent explanation to locate the origin of mantle plumes both within the CMB and just below the transition zone.     

利用光变曲线估计猎鹰九号火箭末级的旋转状态研究

光度观测是地基观测空间目标的主要手段之一,利用光度信息能够估计空间目标的相关特征信息.为了更好地了解空间目标的旋转状态,选取具有代表性的猎鹰九号火箭末级作为研究对象,由其光变信息研究旋转状态.首先利用云南天文台1.2 m光学望远镜获取猎鹰九号火箭末级的光度数据,再对目标星等进行斜距归一化,得到目标光变信息并分析目标星等...     

长石在高温高压条件下的物理化学行为

长石是地学上非常重要的矿物之一。它有可能随着板块俯冲而进入地球深部,因此它在高温高压条件下的相行为以及物理化学性质对地球深部地球动力学研究非常有意义。本文总结了长石端员组份(钾、钠、钙长石)以及其固溶体系列已知的高温、高压实验数据,并绘制成相图。已有的研究成果显示:这三种端员组份在高压下的相行为有较大差异,并产生了许多只在高温高压条件下稳定的相如K-Holl-I、K-Holl-II、CF、CAS及CaPv等。由这些高压相构成的具有长石成分的不同相组合的密度在约5~23GPa的压力范围内超过地幔岩的密度,因此这些相组合可以主动俯冲到上地幔的深处。另一方面,已有研究表明,这些高压相对碱金属及碱土金属在地幔中的赋存状态有着非常重要的影响。     

Ab initio study of the high-pressure behavior of CaSiO3 perovskite

Using density functional simulations, within the generalized gradient approximation and projector-augmented wave method, we study structures and energetics of CaSiO₃ perovskite in the pressure range of the Earths lower mantle (0–150 GPa). At zero Kelvin temperature the cubic CaSiO₃ perovskite structure is unstable in the whole pressure range, at low pressures the orthorhombic (Pnam) structure is preferred. At 14.2 GPa there is a phase transition to the tetragonal (I4/mcm) phase. The CaIrO₃-type structure is not stable for CaSiO₃. Our results also rule out the possibility of decomposition into oxides.

滑坡监测的新方法——PMP测量方法

文章从国内外滑坡灾害、滑坡灾害的危害及现有滑坡监测方法等方面，论述了滑坡灾害带来的危害性，从而验证了滑坡监测的重要性。但目前现行的滑坡监测手段各有不足之处。针对这种情况，提出了新的测量方法改进其不足之处。位相测量剖面术的测量原理是将LCD投影仪安装于滑坡体上，在滑坡体外稳定地带放置监测系统，CCD光束中心垂直于滑坡体位移方向，监测系统由望远镜头和CCD组成，CCD输出的视频信号进入计算机。通过软件对图像进行处理，绘制出滑坡整体的三维面貌，并计算出滑动的距离，从而有效的观测滑坡体的运动过程。     

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674987114001601

Data from a migmatised metapelite raft enclosed within charnockite provide quantitative constraints on the pressure-temperature-time[P-T-t) evolution of the Nagercoil Block at the southernmost tip of peninsular India.An inferred peak metamorphic assemblage of garnet,K-feldspar.sillimanite,plagioclase,magnetite,ilmenite,spinel and melt is consistent with peak metamorphic pressures of 6-8 kbar and temperatures in excess of 900℃.Subsequent growth of cordierite and biotite record high-temperature retrograde decompression to around 5 kbar and 800 C.SHRIMP U-Pb dating of magmatic zircon cores suggests that the sedimentary protoliths were in part derived from felsic igneous rocks with Palaeoproterozoic crystallisation ages.New growth of metamorphic zircon on the rims of detrital grains constrains the onset of melt crystallisation,and the minimum age of the metamorphic peak,to around560 Ma.The data suggest two stages of monazite growth.The first generation of REE-enriched monazite grew during partial melting along the prograde path at around 570 Ma via the incongruent breakdown of apatite.Relatively REE-depleted rims,which have a pronounced negative europium anomaly,grew during melt crystallisation along the retrograde path at around 535 Ma.Our data show the rocks remained at suprasolidus temperatures for at least 35 million years and probably much longer,supporting a long-lived high-grade metamorphic history.The metamorphic conditions,timing and duration of the implied clockwise P-T-t path are similar to that previously established for other regions in peninsular India during the Ediacaran to Cambrian assembly of that part of the Gondwanan supercontinent.     

基于TIE方程的空间域相位恢复迭代算法

利用同步辐射X射线同轴显微层析（CT）方法对页岩进行扫描成像是一种无损的,对研究页岩孔裂隙大小、形态、三维结构及连通性等微观结构特征有重要意义的方法.同步辐射的引入将在物理上为提高页岩成像的分辨率提供了可能,在相位-吸收二重性假设下利用光强传递TIE（transport-of-intensity）方程可以较好地抑制由于相位信息带来的“边缘增强”效应,但该问题本质上是不适定的反演问题.本文根据实际问题构造模型,提出了一种与传统基于频域方法不同的,基于空间域的相位恢复迭代算法,并采用迭代Tikhonov正则化在数值上解决了噪声干扰下的不稳定性问题.研究结果表明,新方法的残差仅为频域方法的1%左右,该方法可用于未来实际数据的处理.