Petrological discrimination among Precambrian dyke swarms: Eastern Kaapvaal craton (South Africa)

Age-determinations on a complex array of mafic dykes across the eastern Kaapvaal craton (Olsson et al., 2010) are complemented herein by field evidence, dyke trend analysis, and petrological characterization of 58 dyke samples. ∼2.95 Ga SE-trending, a ∼2.65 Ga E- to SE-radiating, and ∼1.90 Ga NE-trending swarms can be distinguished. Prominent Archean (∼2.95 and ∼2.65 Ga) dyke ridges contain basement xenoliths, and have a more quartz-oversaturated, andesitic and calc-alkaline character. Proterozoic (∼1.90 Ga) dykes are, on the other hand, more aeromagnetically prominent tholeiitic basalts with higher modal (Fe, Ti)-oxide contents. Multi-elemental statistics indicate that the best geochemical discrimination is found between Archean high-Sr/V and La/Yb and Proterozoic low-Sr/V and La/Yb dyke swarms. The calc-alkaline character of Archean dyke swarms is augmented by LILE-enriched spider-element patterns with steeper REE-slopes as compared to the Proterozoic swarm. Geochemical similarities are roughly consistent with the ∼2.95 and ∼2.65 Ga dykes having fed coeval lavas within the Nsuze Group and Allanridge Formation (upper Ventersdorp Supergroup), respectively. ∼1.90 Ga dykes match coeval sills on both the Zimbabwe and Kaapvaal cratons, and are presumed feeders to Soutpansberg Group lavas. This new information provided by dated feeder dyke swarms leads to a re-evaluation of petrotectonic settings, ranging from continental back-arc to radiating swarms emanating from igneous (plume?) centers.     

Petrology and geochemistry of Yamato 984028: a cumulate lherzolitic shergottite with affinities to Y 000027, Y 000047, and Y 000097

We report the petrography, mineral and whole-rock chemistry (major-, trace-, and highly-siderophile element abundances, and osmium and oxygen isotope compositions) of a newly recognized lherzolitic shergottite, Yamato (Y) 984028. Oxygen isotopes (Δ¹⁷O = 0.218‰) confirm a martian origin for this meteorite. Three texturally distinctive internal zones and a partially devitrified fusion crust occur in the polished section of Y 984028 studied here. The zones include: 1) a poikilitic region with pyroxene enclosing olivine and chromite (Zone A); 2) a non-poikilitic zone with cumulate olivine, interstitial pyroxene, maskelynite and Ti-rich chromite (Zone B) and; 3) a monomict breccia (Zone C). The pyroxene oikocryst in Zone A is chemically zoned from Wo_3–7En_76–71 in the core region to Wo_33–36En_52–49 at the rim, and encloses more Mg-rich olivine (Fo_74–70) in the core, as compared with olivines (Fo_69–68) located at the oikocryst rim. Constraints from Fe–Mg partitioning between crystals and melt indicate that constituent minerals are not in equilibrium with the corresponding bulk-rock composition, implying that Y 984028 represents a cumulate. The whole-rock major- and trace-element compositions, and initial ¹⁸⁷Os/¹⁸⁸Os value (0.1281 ± 0.0002) of Y 984028 are similar to other lherzolitic shergottites and this sample is probably launch-paired with Y 793602, Y 000027, Y 000047, and Y 000097. The Os isotopic composition and highly-siderophile element (HSE) abundances of Y 984028 and other lherzolitic shergottites are consistent with derivation from a martian mantle source that evolved with chondritic Re/Os.     

内蒙古大青山古元古代埃达克质花岗岩:岩石学、地球化学及其构造意义

大青山发育的石英闪长岩在地球化学上具有埃达克质花岗岩的特点。它们以较高的硅(Si O2一般大于56%,较高的铝(Al2O3一般大于14%),富钠(Na2O通常大于4%),低K2O/Na2O比(分子数)(通常小于0.4)。它们还富大离子亲石元素(如Rb、Sr)、过渡元素(如Cr、Ni)亏损高场强元素(如Nb、Ti)为特征。球粒陨石标准化稀土图谱显示轻稀土富集型,并具有明显的正Eu异常。锆石U-Pb SHRIMP的测年,结合野外地质和前寒武纪消减带花岗岩演化特征,推断埃达克质花岗岩形成于2435±12Ma。表明该区古元古代存在真正意义的板块构造,俯冲作用已经发生。     

新疆阿吾拉勒山西段下二叠统陆相火山岩岩石地球化学特征、成因及构造背景

新疆阿吾拉勒山西段是伊犁石炭-二叠纪裂谷的重要组成部分,本文对该区下二叠统典型的双峰式玄武岩-流纹岩组合进行了系统的岩相学和岩石地球化学研究。岩石整体高Na2O、高Al2O3、低TiO2、富碱。玄武岩富集大离子亲石元素Ba、K、LREE和P,亏损高场强元素Th、U、Ta、Nb。粗面斑岩和流纹斑岩富集大离子亲石元素Rb、K、LREE、高场强元素Th、Zr、Hf,亏损Ta、Nb、Sr、Ti和P。玄武安山玢岩的蛛网图与粗面斑岩和流纹斑岩较为一致,但少量元素的特征与玄武岩相似。玄武岩浆来源于弱亏损地幔,并受到了下地壳物质的混染,而玄武安山玢岩、粗面斑岩和流纹斑岩则可能来源于地壳物质的部分熔融。双峰式火山岩的形成可能与上地幔玄武岩浆的底侵作用有关。裂谷演化导致的陆相火山活动持续到早二叠世晚期达到顶峰,中二叠世以后,构造环境由拉伸转为挤压,裂谷演化趋于终止。该区石炭纪末-早二叠世的裂谷活动与整个天山地区晚古生代的构造演化背景具有一致性。     

The Skaergaard liquid line of descent revisited

There is a fundamental conflict between the suggestion that the iron content of Skaergaard liquids increases during Fe–Ti oxide fractionation and the observation that at the same time oxygen fugacity () drops by two log-units below the fayalite-magnetite-quartz oxygen buffer (FMQ). A new petrographic study of average Skaergaard gabbros shows that the total modal content of Fe–Ti oxides is about 22% in the early LZc and markedly decreases to below 5% in the UZc. Forward modeling based on these modal constraints, as well as experimental results on Skaergaard-related dikes, predicts that fractionation of troctolitic LZa gabbros drives the derivative liquid towards a high-iron content. Strong iron enrichment continues, together with a small decline in silica, during LZb crystallization due to the appearance of augite as a fractionating phase. The fractionation of Fe–Ti oxides in the LZc initially suppresses iron enrichment and reverses the silica trend to one of slight enrichment. However, continued evolution into the UZ produces liquids with maximum UZc FeO* content of 23–25 wt.% and SiO₂ content of 53 wt.% (FeO* is total iron as FeO). The maximum in FeO* is dependent on several factors of which the Fe–Ti oxide mode has the strongest effect. The during crystallization of the LZc is widely thought to have been at, or slightly below, the fayalite-magnetite-quartz oxygen buffer (FMQ). Under closed system evolution, incorporation of ferric iron into augite during formation of the LZb restricts the increase in to about 0.1 log-units above FMQ (=0.1 ΔFMQ). Likewise, crystallization of the LZc through the UZa, involving Fe–Ti oxide minerals, leads to a decline in of less than 0.1 ΔFMQ. Crystallization of the UZb-c gabbros results in oxidation to a maximum of 0.5 ΔFMQ. This behavior can account for the iron-rich character of the UZ gabbros, as well as, the low modal content of Fe–Ti oxides. Thus, evolved Skaergaard liquids are high in iron and contain a modest amount of SiO₂. Our modeling result do not account for a strong drop in through the layered series. Such a drop would require an unacceptably high proportion of Fe–Ti oxides and high-magnetite content in the fractionating assemblage. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

赞比亚希富玛铜矿床含铜碳酸岩岩石学和地球化学及其成岩成矿意义

新发现的赞比亚希富玛IOCG碳酸岩铜矿床位于泛非造山带卢菲里安弧复向斜带中部南缘,处于NW向深断裂带与NEE-EW向断裂带的交会部位。铜矿体主要赋存于含铜碳酸岩内。含铜碳酸岩主要侵入于新元古界上部孔德龙古群上部火山碎屑岩中,与矿区及其外围的岩浆岩构成含铜碳酸岩的杂岩组合。含铜碳酸岩灰白色块状构造,常见气孔构造和流动构造;含围岩捕掳体、熔融包体和流体包体;半自形细粒不等粒结构为主,镶嵌结构和包含结构很普遍;方解石和白云石双晶发育;矿物成分达40余种,主要非金属矿物为方解石,其次是硬石膏、白云石和萤石等;主要金属矿物为磁铁矿、黄铜矿和黄铁矿,其次有磁黄铁矿、闪锌矿、赤铁矿、辉钼矿、斑铜矿等。含铜碳酸岩全岩矿化,矿石构造主要为浸染状构造和斑杂状构造,其次为块状构造及稠密浸染状构造;矿石结构有自形-半自形细粒结构,他形细粒结构,交代熔蚀结构,固溶体分解结构,海绵陨铁结构等。含铜碳酸岩富CaO、FeO和Fe_2O_3,贫MgO,属铁质方解石碳酸岩;REE含量高,ΣREE=57.75×10~(-6)~1076×10~(-6),轻重稀土明显分馏,LREE/HREE=6.3~83.8,强正铕异常,弱负铈异常;富集Ba、Sr、Pb、U、Nb、P和LREE,亏损Ta、Zr、Hf和Ti;Zr/Hf、Y/Ho值和Y含量反映含铜碳酸岩出现了高度演化的熔体-流体过渡的岩浆体系;(87Sr/86Sr)i=0.705315~0.706708,在世界主要碳酸岩范围内;Sr-Nd同位素示踪显示岩浆可能源自EMⅠ;方解石的δ13CV-PDB为-17.8‰~-2.6‰,δ18OV-SMOW值变化于14.5‰~21.9‰;白云石的δ13CV-PDB为-18.8‰,δ18OV-SMOW值为13.5‰,均在世界碳酸岩的范围内;2个磁铁矿样品的δ18OV-SMOW值分别为4.3‰和4.6‰,接近地幔的氧同位素组成范围;金属硫化物的δ34SV-CDT(‰)值变化范围为-4.1~+10.5,在岩浆硫的范围内。此矿床为铁氧化物-铜-金(IOCG)型碳酸岩铜矿床。成岩成矿发生于泛非造山运动后造山伸展阶段拉张应力场构造环境。含铜碳酸岩和成矿物质可能主要源自受到富CO2地幔流体交代形成的EMⅠ富集地幔端元。成岩成矿机制可能是:从地幔源区部分熔融出的初始熔浆随着上侵和演化,液态不混溶出碱性硅酸盐岩浆和碳酸盐+硫酸盐岩浆;铜等成矿元素因亲硫而在碳酸盐+硫酸盐岩浆中富集。此岩浆随着上侵和演化发生液态不混溶作用,形成富集成矿物质和挥发分的含铜碳酸岩浆-热液过渡态流体。随着温度下降,其中碳酸盐矿物、硫酸盐矿物和磁铁矿大量晶出,氧被大量消耗掉,致使氧逸度降低,硫逸度增高,还原硫产生并快速增加,与Cu、Fe、Zn、Co、Mo等金属离子化合形成金属硫化物而成矿。     

The Braunschweig meteorite − a recent L6 chondrite fall in Germany

On April 23rd 2013 at 2:07 a.m., a 1.3 kg meteorite fell in the Braunschweig suburb Melverode (52° 13′ 32.19″ N. 10° 31′ 11.60″ E). Its estimated velocity was 250 km/h and it formed an impact pit in the concrete fall site with a diameter of 7 cm and a depth of 3 cm. Radial dust striae are present around the impact pit. As a result of the impact, the meteorite disintegrated into several hundred fragments with masses up to 214 g. The meteorite is a typical L6 chondrite, moderately shocked (S4) – but with a remarkably high porosity (up to 20 vol%). The meteorite was ejected from its parent body as an object with a radius of about 10–15 cm (15–50 kg). The U,Th-He gas retention age of ∼550 Ma overlaps with the main impact event on the L-chondrite parent body ∼470 Ma ago that is recorded by many shocked L chondrites. The preferred cosmic-ray exposure age derived from production of radionuclides and noble gas isotopes is (6.0 ± 1.3) Ma.     

Petrology and sulfur and chlorine emissions of the 1963 eruption of Gunung Agung,Bali, Indonesia

 The 1963 eruption of Gunung Agung produced 0.95 km³ dense rock equivalent (DRE) of olivine±hornblende-bearing, weakly phyric, basaltic andesite tephra and lava. Evidence for magma mixing in the eruptive products includes whole-rock compatible and incompatible trace element trends, reverse and complex compositional zoning of mineral phases, disequilibrium mineral assemblages, sieve-textured plagioclase phenocrysts, and augite rims on reversely zoned orthopyroxene. Basalt magma mixed with pre-existing andesite magma shortly before eruption to yield basaltic andesite with a temperature of 1040–1100  °C at an assumed pressure of 2 kb, f O₂>NNO, and an average melt volatile content (H₂O±CO₂) of 4.3 wt.%. Magma-mixing end members may have provided some of the S and Cl emitted in the eruption. Glass inclusions in phenocrysts contain an average of 650 ppm S and 3130 ppm Cl as compared with 70 ppm and 2220 ppm, respectively, in the matrix glass. Maximum S and Cl contents of glass inclusions approach 1800 and 5000 ppm, respectively. Application of the petrologic method to products of the 1963 eruption for estimating volatile release yields of 2.5×10¹²g (Mt) of SO₂ and 3.4 Mt of Cl released from the 0.65 km³ of juvenile tephra which contributed to stratospheric injection of H₂SO₄ aerosols on 17 March and 16 May, when eruption column heights exceeded 20 km above sea level. An independent estimate of SO₂ release from atmospheric aerosol loading (11–12 Mt) suggests that approximately 7 Mt of SO₂ was injected into the stratosphere. The difference between the two estimates can be most readily accounted for by the partitioning of S, as well as some Cl, from the magma into a water-rich vapor phase which was released upon eruption. For other recent high-S-release eruptions of more evolved and oxidized magmas (El Chichón, Pinatubo), the petrologic method gives values two orders of magnitude less than independent estimates of SO₂ emissions. Results from this study of the Agung 1963 magma and its volatile emissions, and from related studies on eruptions of more mafic magmas, suggest that SO₂ emissions from eruptions of higher-S-solubility magma may be more reliably estimated by the petrologic method than may those from more-evolved magma eruptions. Received: 29 June 1994 / Accepted: 25 April 1996     

巴楚瓦吉里塔格火成杂岩体岩石学研究

根据地质学、岩石学、地球化学研究，确定瓦吉里塔克火成杂岩体由3部分组成；层状岩体、角砾岩岩筒和晚期脉岩，其形成的年龄分别为357．9－306Ma、252.7Ma、231.3Ma。证实层状岩体为岩浆房原地分离结晶作用形成，具有碱性岩浆的肯尼迪演化趋势并发育液态不混溶作用，最终形成具有实际矿物霞石的过碱性岩。确定角砾岩筒并非金伯质，实为角砾云母橄辉岩。确定晚期脉岩与角砾云母橄辉岩为同期岩浆活动的产物，而且均发生在层状岩体固结之后。此外，根据它们富含H2O和富集大离子亲石元素的特点推测，该岩浆来源于富含流体相且不同于层状岩体的源区。     

三维速度结构的研究现状和展望

本文评述了三维速度图像研究的现状,简要地叙述了在全球尺度、大尺度和区域尺度内三维速度图像重建所取得的主要成果.笔者在介绍了三维速度图像同地球科学其它领域的关系之后,在对未来的展望中认为,为板块构造和地球动力学这样一些基本的地学问题提供直接的地震学的证据将是一个长期的目标,并为此提出了三个要解决的问题,还针对我国现有条件提出了供选择的参考课题.