An analysis of vehicular exhaust derived nanoparticles and historical Belgium fortress building interfaces

Air pollution monitoring is one of the most important features in contamination risk management. This is because many of the compounds contained within air pollution present a serious risk both for the preservation of open air cultural heritage and for human health. New particle formation is a major contributor to urban pollution, but how it occurs in cities is often puzzling. As more and more people enjoy an increased quality of life through outdoor activity, managing outdoor air quality is vital. This study presents the application of a low-cost system for monitoring the current level of road traffic passengers’ exposure to particulate air contamination. The global rise in tourism also leads to apprehension about its probable destructive influence on various aspects of global preservation. One of the major risks encountered by tourists, stemming from modes of transport, are nanoparticles (NPs) (≤100 ​nm) and ultra-fine particles (UFPs) (100–1000 ​nm) consisting of potentially hazardous elements (PHEs). This study examines Steen Castle, a medieval fortress located in Antwerp, Belgium. Significant NPs with PHEs, were found in the air sampled in this area. The self-made passive sampler (LSPS) described in this study, consisting of retainers specially designed for advanced microscopic analysis, is used for the first time as a simple way to characterize the surrounding atmospheric contamination caused by NPs and UFPs, without the need of other commonly employed more expensive particulate focused active samplers such as cascade impactors. This study aims to assess the result of the utilization of a low-cost, LSPS, to determine outdoor NPs and UFPs in a Belgian urban (Steen Castle) and rural area (Fort van Schoten). This work is the first to detail the usefulness of LSPS for the evaluation of Belgium’s outdoor air for NPs and UFPs, which contain PHEs.     

垃圾填埋场渗滤液及对地下水污染研究进展

在查阅国内外相关文献的基础上,综述了垃圾填埋场渗滤液的产生、危害、污染特性、产生量和影响因素以及为防止地下水污染而采取的防渗措施,并系统阐述了国内外渗滤液污染物在地下水中迁移转化研究取得的成果和垃圾生态填埋技术研究现状,指出了我国填埋场目前研究中存在的主要问题和未来在该领域需重点研究的课题和一些新思路.     

Groundwater nitrate pollution in the Essaouira Basin (Morocco)

The Essaouira Basin (Morocco) contains a multi-layered aquifer situated in fractured and karstic materials from the Middle and Upper Cretaceous (the Cenomanian, Turonian and Senonian). Water percolates through the limestone and dolomite formations of the Turonian stage either through the marls and calcareous marls of the Cenomanian or through the calcareous marly materials of the Senonian. The aquifer system may be interconnected since the marl layer separating the Turonian, Cenomanian and Senonian aquifers is thin or intensively fractured. In that case, the water is transported through a network of fractures and stratification joints. This paper describes the extent of the nitrate pollution in the area and its origin. Most of the wells and drillholes located in the Kourimat perimeter are contaminated by nitrates with some concentrations over $\text{400 }\text{mg}\text{l}{}^{\mathrm{?1}}$. Nitrate contamination is also observed in the surface water of the Qsob River, which constitutes the natural outlet of the multi-layered complex aquifer system. In this area, agriculture is more developed than in the rest of the Essaouira Basin. Diffuse pollution of the karstic groundwater body by agricultural fertiliser residues may therefore partially explain the observed nitrate pollution. However, point pollution around the wells, springs and drillholes from human wastewater, livestock faeces and the mineralisation of organic debris close to the Muslim cemeteries cannot be excluded.     

自贡市龙潭镇土壤中重金属的地球化学基线及污染状况研究

地球化学基线是区分地球化学背景和异常的重要参数.在采集和测试自贡市龙潭镇内168个表层土壤样品的基础上,采用了地质统计学方法建立了研究区内重金属元素As、Cd、Cr、Pb、Hg、Cu、Ni、Zn的地球化学基线.在此基础上,应用地质累积指数方法评价了表层土壤重金属的污染状况.结果表明:区内各重金属元素基线值为As(3.86 μg/g)、Cd(0.183μg/g)、Cr(66.41 μg/g)、Pb(28.19 μg/g)、Hg(0.037 μg/g)、Cu( 23.1 μg/g)、Ni(24.5 μg/g)、Zn(62μg/g);研究区内Cd和Hg的污染较突出,各重金属元素的地质累积指数排序为:Cd＞H g＞Zn＞Cu＞As＞Cr＞Ni＞Pb.     

Evaluation of metal contamination in coastal sediments of the Bay of Bengal, India: geochemical and statistical approaches

Surface sediment samples collected from the inner shelf region of the Bay of Bengal, were analysed for the major elements and total and acetic acid available trace elements (Al, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, P, Pb, Si, Zn) to evaluate geochemical processes influencing their distribution. Major elemental analysis showed that the sediments had high concentrations of Si and relatively low concentrations of Al and Fe. Both major elemental and trace metal concentrations indicated that the sediments represent weathered products of granite and charnockite. Normalization of metals to Al indicated relatively high enrichment factors for Pb, Cd, Zn and Cr. The higher proportions of nondetrital Pb (66%), Cd (41%) and Co (28%) reveal metal contamination due to anthropogenic inputs. Factor analysis (FA) identified six possible types of sedimentological and geochemical associations. The dominant factor accounting for 26.9% of the total variance identifies an anthropogenic input and accumulation of nondetrital Cd, Co, Cr, Ni and Pb. Association of these metals with CaCO3 reveals that shell fragments in the surface sediments are likely act as a carrier phase for nondetrital metals. The results are discussed in the context of the sources and pathways of elements in the Bay of Bengal.     

Heavy metal contamination in overbank sediments of the Geul river (East Belgium): Its relation to former Pb-Zn mining activities

Overbank sediments of the Geul River (East Belgium) are highly contaminated by the heavy metals Pb, Zn, and Cd due to former Pb-Zn mining activities in the drainage basin. Geochemical variations in vertical overbank sediment profiles sampled 1 km north of the mine tailings of Plombiéres allow metal fluxes back to the 17th century to be reconstructed. The vertical profiles are subdivided into three major units corresponding to different industrial periods based on sedimentological criteria as well as on the distribution of contaminants. Alluvial sediments with the highest heavy metal concentrations correspond to the major period of mining activity of the 19th century. The fact that Zn mining at the La Calamine open mine started before large-scale mining of the PbS-ZnS subsurface exploitations is reflected in the vertical profiles by an increase in Zn content before a marked increase in Pb and Cu. The regional extent of contamination in the alluvial deposits was evaluated on the basis of the geochemical analysis of sediments at depths of the 0–20 cm and 80–100 cm. Most of the upper samples are extremely contaminated. Significant local variations in heavy metal concentration in the lower samples are interpreted in terms of which overbank sediment horizon has been sampled at a depth of 80–100 cm. This indicates that blind sampling of overbank sediments to characterize the degree of contamination in shallow boreholes can give very erratic results.     

内蒙古固阳绿岩带条带状铁建造地球化学特征与沉积环境讨论

Algoma型条带状铁建造(BIF)是一种海相化学沉积岩,它发育在太古宙绿岩带的火山-沉积岩序列中,大部分经历了后期变质变形作用。稀土元素具有稳定的地球化学性质,因而被广泛用于指示BIF的原始沉积环境。华北克拉通北缘固阳绿岩带中的BIF(如三合明、公益明、东五分子、公巨成等)赋存于新太古代色尔腾山群的变火山-沉积序列中,普遍经历了绿片岩相—低角闪岩相变质,呈条带状构造,其主要矿物组成为自形—半自形粒状磁铁矿和他形粒状石英,含少量角闪石,局部地区可见石榴石、绿泥石、斜长石等富Al矿物。根据BIF中惰性元素的含量及其相关性,可划分为纯净的BIF和遭受碎屑物质混染的BIF,并通过特征的Co/Th比值判断出这些碎屑物质主要来自于玄武质岩石。纯净及遭受轻微碎屑物质混染的BIF稀土元素特征通过后太古宙页岩(PAAS)标准化后,与现代海水及其他地区典型太古宙BIF相似,均表现为轻稀土相对重稀土亏损,正La、Y异常以及较高的Y/Ho比值(29)。大多数样品发育不明显的负Ce_(PAAS)异常,说明BIF沉淀自缺氧的环境;正Eu_(PAAS)异常明显,说明海水中有高温(250℃)热液的加入,其比例为0~10%。然而,遭受强烈碎屑物质混染的BIF稀土元素特征则具有明显差异。此种类型BIF的出现及分布不均,指示了在BIF沉积之前的局部地区或时间段内,深部海水处于相对动荡的环境。     

贵州白层超基性岩对右江盆地燕山晚期拉张环境深源岩浆演化作用的启示——来自地球化学的证据

白层超基性岩产出于扬子地台西南缘,该区域存在多期次的岩浆活动,出露多处超基性岩体。对白层11件超基性岩样品进行了主量和微量元素（包括稀土元素）及铂族元素分析,结果表明,白层超基性岩主量元素变化范围不大,具低钠富钾钙碱性岩石的地球化学特征;该超基性岩富集Ba、Sr、Rb等大离子亲石元素及Nb等高场强元素;稀土元素总量高,球粒陨石标准化曲线呈强烈的右倾趋势,轻、重稀土元素分馏明显,Eu、Ce异常不明显;铂族元素总含量低,且分异不明显。该超基性岩的地球化学特征显示,其形成于燕山晚期右江盆地大规模岩石圈伸展减薄的构造背景下;岩浆来源于低程度部分熔融的超镁铁质地幔,石榴子石及硫化物在熔融过程中残留于源区。岩浆在上升过程中未发生明显的地壳物质混染。岩浆结晶分异程度不高,发生了橄榄石与单斜辉石的结晶分异但未发生斜长石的分离。     

首钢地区表层土壤重金属的分布特征及污染评价

利用多元统计分析和空间分析相结合的方法,分析了首钢地区表层土壤中Fe、Cr、Ni、V、As、Cd、Pb、Cu、Zn、Hg 10种重金属元素的地球化学特征。研究结果表明,10种元素可以归结为4类:第一类Ni、V、As的含量低于自然背景值,主要受成土母质等自然因素的影响;第二类Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn的含量已经超出自然背景值,其中Cu、Pb、Zn属于轻度污染,Cd属于中度污染,这一类元素主要受到交通和冶炼等人为因素的影响,高值区主要分布于居民区;第三类为Fe、Cr,同时受到自然因素和人为因素的共同影响,高值区集中分布在厂区和部分居民区;第四类为Hg,Hg因其是一种非点源污染的元素而单独聚为一类,主要受到人为因素的影响且高值样点位于河流区。总体而言,首钢地区表层土壤已经受到部分污染,需密切关注其对环境的危害及人群的潜在健康风险。本研究对该区域土壤污染风险评价和土地利用规划等具有一定的借鉴意义。