Trends in rainfall and temperature in the Peruvian Amazon–Andes basin over the last 40 years (1965–2007)

The hydroclimatology of the Peruvian Amazon–Andes basin (PAB) which surface corresponding to 7% of the Amazon basin is still poorly documented. We propose here an extended and original analysis of the temporal evolution of monthly rainfall, mean temperature (T_mean), maximum temperature (T_max) and minimum temperature (T_min) time series over two PABs (Huallaga and Ucayali) over the last 40 years. This analysis is based on a new and more complete database that includes 77 weather stations over the 1965–2007 period, and we focus our attention on both annual and seasonal meteorological time series. A positive significant trend in mean temperature of 0.09 °C per decade is detected over the region with similar values in the Andes and rainforest when considering average data. However, a high percentage of stations with significant T_mean positive trends are located over the Andes region. Finally, changes in the mean values occurred earlier in T_max (during the 1970s) than in T_min (during the 1980s). In the PAB, there is neither trend nor mean change in rainfall during the 1965–2007 period. However, annual, summer and autumn rainfall in the southern Andes presents an important interannual variability that is associated with the sea surface temperature in the tropical Atlantic Ocean while there are limited relationships between rainfall and El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events. On the contrary, the interannual temperature variability is mainly related to ENSO events. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Modelling production of migratory catfish larvae (Pimelodidae) on the basis of regional hydro‐ climatology features of the Madre de Dios Basin in southeastern Peru

A simple stochastic model is presented to describe the influence of the natural flow regime of the Madre de Dios River (southeastern Peru) on the presence and downstream transportation of catfish larvae (Siluriformes: Pimelodidae), an important migratory species in commercial fisheries in the Peruvian Amazon region. One year of daily river stage records were related to weekly larval catches to determine the association between floods and spawning events, and based on the hydro‐climatologic characteristics of Andean‐Amazon regions, available long‐term historical rainfall records were used to determine the inter‐annual variability of floods within the Madre de Dios Basin. Major larval drift occurred during the high water season, specifically in association with stages of over 5 m, which served as an indicator triggering spawning responses of these species, termed a ‘biologically significant event’ (BSE). Timing of these BSEs, estimated from the historical rainfall records, described a uniform distribution during the wet season, and their inter‐arrival times were exponentially distributed. These observations provided the basis of the stochastic model describing the likelihood of larvae releases from this headwater region to the lowland Amazon. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The persistence and role of basin structures on the 3D architecture of the Marañón Fold-Thrust Belt,Peru

The 3D architecture of fold-thrust belts commonly involves thin-skinned and thick-skinned deformation. Both thick- and thin-skinned deformation styles have been suggested to occur in the Marañón Fold-Thrust Belt (MFTB) in Peru, but the relative timing and strain partitioning associated with them are not well understood. We demonstrate that inherited basement structures along the Peruvian convergent margin reactivated during the evolution of the MFTB. We present results from field mapping, interpretation of remote sensing imagery, and cross section construction and restoration. The results show that the Chonta Fault, a median pre-folding basin normal fault, was inverted and acted as a mechanical buttress during initial east-vergent contraction of the fold-thrust belt. This fault separates the belt into two domains of distinctly different structural styles. During the Eocene, units to the west of the Chonta Fault deformed by folding, using the fault as a buttress, and subsequently propagated eastward by thin-skinned thrusting. This was followed in the Miocene by west-vergent, basement-involved deformation, which overprinted the earlier east-vergent, thin-skinned structures. The proposed tectonic model of the MFTB highlights the role of basement-fault reactivation during orogenesis and the involvement of deep structures in partitioning deformation styles.     

秘鲁南部Morrito铁矿矿体变化程度分析

Morrito铁矿严格受断裂构造控制,在空间上的厚度、品位有较大变化。利用统计学的方法,研究了矿脉厚度、品位的变化系数,对矿体的资源/储量估算及开采都有重要意义。对矿体厚度及品位变化系数的分析认为,矿体形态变化程度属"简单";矿体有用组分分布属"均匀";矿体倾向变化大于走向变化,并表现为不明显的方向性变化。     

秘鲁国金属矿成矿带

秘鲁国金属成矿带划分依据为秘鲁境内的主要断层系统、有利成矿作用的岩性及矿化年代、已发现226个矿床(点)的地质特征和空间分布,共划分为24个成矿带。本文对每个成矿带的名称、分布、控矿地层、构造、岩浆岩及成矿时间逐一进行论述,并列出成矿带里典型矿床名称、资源量及品位情况。     

秘鲁航磁特征及铁矿类型

为了解秘鲁国铁矿分布规律,对秘鲁22.5万km2的航磁资料进行了化极、延拓、求导等各种处理工作,通过分析已知铁矿的航磁异常,结合秘鲁区域地质构造以及秘鲁各地质年代地层及岩性特征,归纳得出与不同铁矿类型有关的磁异常类型。它们主要有:陆相火山喷溢型的铁矿异常;受断裂构造控制的与第三纪早、中期的火山喷发物质有关的磁异常区;第三纪早、中期的火山喷发物质掩盖区的磁异常;分布于海岸带内的正磁异常带;位于闪长岩体的岩浆期后热液脉状铁矿异常;矽卡岩型铁矿异常。这对认识安第斯山大地构造以及圈定有利的铁矿成矿靶区有一定的意义。     

首钢秘鲁马尔科纳铁矿区磁异常的数据处理

首钢秘鲁马尔科纳铁矿位于南半球低纬度地区,地磁场对磁性体的磁化以水平磁化为主,磁性体产生的ΔT异常与中国的△T异常特征差别很大,国内常用的化极方法在此类地区的应用文献少见,使用不当很难取得良好效果,虽然化赤方法在低纬度地区能取得较好的结果,但针对化赤异常的解释技术却相对较少.通过常规化极与化赤方法对秘鲁马尔科纳胡斯塔铜...     

秘鲁MARIELA铁矿床的矿床特征与磁异常的分形解释

MARIELA磁铁矿矿床位于秘鲁南部成矿带上。矿体主要赋存于侏罗纪闪长岩体中,富矿体呈透镜状、脉状产出,而品位较低的矿石为浸染状和细脉状。矿石主要由阳起石(透辉石)-磁铁矿和磷灰石-磁铁矿组成,磁铁矿中V含量较高。该矿床具有玢岩型铁矿的特征,为岩浆期后热液交代充填成矿。运用多重分形理论建立模型,将地面磁异常分为低值异常与中值异常2级,它们分别作为一级找矿靶区和二级找矿靶区,较好地解释了已知矿体与磁异常的吻合关系,为下一步找矿提供了依据。     

Late Paleozoic to Jurassic chronostratigraphy of coastal southern Peru: Temporal evolution of sedimentation along an active margin

We present an integrated geochronological and sedimentological study that significantly revises the basin and magmatic history associated with lithospheric thinning in southern coastal Peru (15–18°S) since the onset of subduction at ∼530 Ma. Until now, estimating the age of the sedimentary and volcanic rocks has heavily relied on paleontologic determinations. Our new geochronological data, combined with numerous field observations, provide the first robust constraints on their chronostratigraphy, which is discussed in the light of biostratigraphical attributions. A detailed review of the existing local units simplifies the current stratigraphic nomenclature and clarifies its absolute chronology using zircon U–Pb ages. We observe that the Late Paleozoic to Jurassic stratigraphy of coastal southern Peru consists of two first-order units, namely (1) the Yamayo Group, a sedimentary succession of variable (0–2 km) thickness, with apparently no nearby volcanic lateral equivalent, and (2) the overlying Yura Group, consisting of a lower, 1–6 km-thick volcanic and volcaniclastic unit, the Chocolate Formation, and an upper, 1–2 km-thick sedimentary succession that are in markedly diachronous contact across the coeval arc and back-arc. We date the local base of the Chocolate Formation, and thus of the Yura Group, to 216 Ma, and show that the underlying Yamayo Group spans a >110 Myr-long time interval, from at least the Late Visean to the Late Triassic, and is apparently devoid of significant internal discontinuities. The age of the top of the Chocolate Formation, i.e. of the volcanic arc pile, varies from ∼194 Ma to less than ∼135 Ma across the study area. We suggest that this simplified and updated stratigraphic framework can be reliably used as a reference for future studies.