粗粒土组构之颗粒运动研究

土的结构性是决定土的力学特性的一个最根本的因素,正是由于土的结构性的存在,连续体力学理论用于岩土材料存在明显不足,沈珠江将土体结构性的研究提到“21世纪土力学的核心问题”的高度,但由于土的结构性的复杂性,缺乏测试方法,还没有找到土结构性的定量指标。选择结构特征相对简单的粗粒土作为研究对象,探索建立其力学体系的方法和途径。粗粒土的结构性（称之为组构）主要体现在颗粒的排列特征方面,采用CT测试技术和DDA数值分析方法初步解决了粗粒土组构的量化问题,对粗粒土多种受力过程进行了CT三轴试验和数值模拟,取得了粗粒土的组构信息及其变化,为构成合理的组构量、研究粗粒土组构量与宏观力学响应之间的相互关系、探讨粗粒土的变形机理和力学特征奠定了基础,并侧重介绍粗粒土CT三轴试验成果,展示三轴试验过程中颗粒运动规律。     

低坝影响下的流场与淤积形态特性试验研究

为研究径流式低坝影响下的水流流动与泥沙淤积特性,开展水槽试验,基于图像测量技术,获取并解析坝附近区域流场信息及典型淤积形态。结果表明：坝前附近流段纵向流速在垂线上出现衰减区,减幅随水流强度增大而减小;坝顶断面纵向和垂向流速沿垂线的分布均呈现显著的分区特性,分区界限几乎不受水流强度的影响;随坝顶水深增加,坝下游漩涡涡心向下游及河底移动,面积和强度皆增大;坝上游淤积形态特性对水流强度的变化非常敏感,在较低强度来流下,呈接近坝体的稳定曲面斜坡,而在高强度来流下,不形成稳定淤积体;坝下游形成动态稳定的淤积斜坡,纵剖表面线呈抛物线规律,随来流强度变异程度小。     

1989年3月特大电离层事件

给出了１９８９年３月罕见的超级太阳活动区（ＮＯＡＡ，ＡＲ５３９５）的多次爆发，在远东地区诱发了一系列强烈的、甚至是首次观测到的电离层扰动事件：（１）重庆站以北地区ＴＥＣ增量达５５×１０^１６ｅｌ／ｍ^２的突增事件；同期武昌、仑坪和知本等站的ＴＥＣ负增量达６５×^１６ｅｌ／ｍ^２的突降事件；（２）兰州以南地区的强ＴＩＤ；（３）持续时间较长的Ｌａｃｕｎａ现象；（４）微粒Ｅ层事件等。作者结合同期远东和巴西地区的电离层扰动，多颗卫星探测结果和全球中低纬区极光的出现，对此次电离层事件的部分异常变化及其形成机制作了初步讨论，并指出东向电场剧增和粒子沉降可能是此次事件的主要因素。     

Characteristics of mining tremors within the near-wave field zone

Mining in the Upper Silesian Coal Basin, Poland, induces tremors with magnitudes ranging up to 4.3. The recordings of mining tremors from the near-wave fiel and the far-wave field show different characteristics of ground motion.Knowledge of these characrteristics, has an enormous practical importance when solving the problems of resistance of underground workings against seismic impacts. The near-wave field is characterized by a domination of the high frequency components of motion, and the seismograms often are a single pulse Geomechanical interpretation of them leads to the conclusion that this pulse corresponds to a single exciting force. This fact is also reflected in the rockbursts: the potentially damaging ground motion which is restricted to the seismic source region.The seismometric data have shown that the peak particle velocities from a hypocentral distance of 200–300 m, resulted in more than 3 cm/s. The peak ground velocities appear to be dependent on stress drop , and peak particle velocities reaching 5 m/s may occur. The computational example proves that in a thick coal seam the pulse with the stress =1.8 MPa from the tremor at the short source distance can generate the rockburst.     

On the equatorward phase propagation of high-m ULF pulsations observed by radars

An often observed and still unexplained feature of the high-m Alfvén waves in the terrestrial magnetosphere is their equatorward phase motion, in contrast with low-m waves. We suggest an explanation of this fact in terms of a model of wave excitation by an azimuthally drifting particle inhomogeneity injected during substorm activity. The azimuthal direction of the phase velocity coincides with that of the cloud. If the drift velocity increases with the radial coordinate, the particle cloud is stretched into spiral in the equatorial plane which leads to a radial component of the phase velocity directed toward Earth, that is, an equatorward phase propagation.     

Temporal aspects of the abrasion of microphytic crusts under grain impact

Wind‐tunnel simulations of the response of two moss crusts to grain impact indicate that, given sufficient time, these surfaces will deteriorate under very low wind velocities only slightly above u_*t for the loose, saltating grains. In parallel with these experiments, the frequency distributions of ultimate strength and penetration energy were determined for each of the two crust types via penetrometry. Pohlia was found to be stronger than Tortula; but, even so, both of these crusts had ultimate strengths 20–350 times higher than the force delivered by a single grain impacting each surface at a velocity of 1 ms^?1. In comparison, the modulus of deformation and penetration energy data were very similar for the two surface types, especially for the weakest areas of crust development. This observation is in accord with the wind‐tunnel simulations that also found no consistent difference in the response of these two crust types to impact. In comparison with crusts formed by clay and salt, fibrous microphytic crusts are morphologically complex and typically weak. The notable elasticity of these surfaces does reduce the force of grain impact, and thereby provides some protection against rupture. One of the central conclusions of this study suggests that not only is the particle kinetic energy at impact important in crust breakdown, but also tiny fractures at points of localized stress concentration contribute to a progressive reduction in the integrity of the filament net. In some of the experiments conducted as part of this study, up to 50 or more minutes of constant bombardment was required to produce small abrasion marks on selected areas of the microphytic crust. This study prepares a foundation for future experiments needed to examine the breakdown of complex crusts formed in nature. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

地月空间粒子辐射环境及其对月表物质的影响研究进展

由于没有全球磁场和稠密大气保护,月球直接受宇宙线、太阳风和地球风粒子的轰击.了解月球空间粒子辐射的特性、粒子的来源和传输等过程,本身是亟待解决的空间科学基础问题,同时还可帮助更好地提供预报和预警,为保障探月和载人登月等活动的安全提供理论参考;此外,月球空间辐射环境中的粒子与月表作用产生的水等物质对载人登月和月球基地意义重大,且月表物质保存了空间环境较为完整的信息和演化历史,对研究地月系统及太阳系其他天体(乃至系外行星)的宜居性与演化,也具有重要的科学价值.本文在简要总结地月空间粒子辐射环境研究现状的基础上,重点分析了近月粒子辐射环境及其对月表物质所产生的影响,梳理了宇宙线、太阳能量粒子事件、太阳风、地球风以及月源粒子等不同辐射的来源和传输机制,这些粒子与月表作用产生水、赤铁矿、中性原子等物质的过程,以及相关过程对月球空间环境的影响、对地月系统演化的启示等关键科学问题,并提出了解决问题所面临的技术难点,最后对未来可能的重点研究内容进行了展望,可为后续月球探测任务(例如嫦娥四期和国际月球科研站等)相关领域科技规划提供一定的参考.

     

A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON THE CHARACTERISTICS OF TWO STAGES OF FALLOUT PUMICES DEPOSITS FROM THE MILLENNIUM ERUPTION OF TIANCHI VOLCANO IN CHANGBAISHAN AREA

Tianchi volcano in Changbaishan area is located at the border between China and Democratic People's Republic of Korea, and is one of the most dangerous volcanoes in China. It has experienced several explosive eruptions in late Pleistocene and Holocene, i.e. 50000aBP eruption, 946 AD eruption, 1668 AD eruption, 1702 AD eruption, 1903 AD eruption. Especially, the 946 AD eruption(also known as "Millennium eruption")of this volcano is considered to be one of the largest volcanic eruptions in the world in the past 2000a. The eruption history and strata sequence of Tianchi volcano have long been the focus of attention. The stratigraphic unit division of fallout deposits in the past millennium is controversial, especially for the heterogeneous trachytic pumices(erupted from the Yuanchi stage)above the off-white pumices(erupted from the Chifeng stage). In this paper, through the detailed field exploration and strata comparation, it was found that there was no depositional interval between the two stage eruptions, or the interval was not long, and thus, it is believed that two stages of fallout pumice should be classified into the Millennium eruption. The off-white fallout pumices in Chifeng stage are relatively homogeneous, with angular shape, normal grading and good sorting. The median size(Md_Φ)and the sorting coefficient(σ_Φ)of Chifeng pumice are in the range of -4.25~-1.3 and 0.93~1.53, respectively. The eruption of Yuanchi stage is in pulsing pattern, and the strata show interbedding of rich khaki pumice layer and rich black pumice layer. The pumices with angular shape show inconspicuous grain grading and good sorting. The median size(Md_Φ)and the sorting coefficient(σ_Φ)of Yuanchi pumice are in the range of -2.55~-0.6 and 1~1.68, respectively. Both the granularities of the pumice particles from two stages are normally distributed and fall into the air-fall field in the median diameter versus sorting diagram. The pumices from 50000aBP and pyroclastic flow of Millennium eruption were also shown in the diagram. Phenocrysts in pumices are mainly feldspar and pyroxene, but the phenocrysts with obvious resorbed characteristic in Yuanchi black pumice are bigger, and the phenocryst contents are a little higher than those in others. Feldspar content in off-white pumice in Chifeng stage was 0.24%~1.77%, that in khaki pumice in Yuanchi stage was 0.2%~7.5%, and that in black pumice in Yuanchi stage was 3.02%~8.0%. The phenocrysts in Chifeng pumice are broken, which represents more violent explosion. The vesicles inside the pumice also reflect the intensity of the eruption. The Chifeng pumices have large, continuous vesicles and thin vesicle walls. The Yuanchi khaki pumices have continuous vesicles but thicker vesicle wall than the Chifeng pumices. The vesicularity is the lowest and the vesicle walls are the thickest in the black pumices in Yuanchi stage, indicating the eruption strength become weaker from Chifeng stage to Yuanchi stage. The Chifeng pumices with SiO₂ content of 69.12~72.71wt%, K₂O content of 4.33~4.52wt%, Na₂O content of 5.26~5.39wt%, Al₂O₃ content of 10.32~11.99wt%, CaO content of 0.29~0.95wt%, MgO content of 0.11~0.51wt%, TiO₂ content of 0.23~0.43wt% are comendite in composition. The pumices from 50000aBP eruption are comendite in composition, and their SiO₂ content(65.56~68.28wt%)is slightly lower than Chifeng pumices. The Yuanchi khaki pumices with SiO₂ content of 62.14~63.29wt%, K₂O content of 5.35~5.7wt%, Na₂O content of 5.35~5.62wt%, Al₂O₃ content of 15.00~15.59wt%, CaO content of 1.06~1.61wt%, MgO content of 0.25~0.57wt%, TiO₂ content of 0.4~0.64wt% belong to trachyte in composition, and are close to the composition of the black pumices on the Tianwen Peak. The Yuanchi black pumices are also trachyte in composition, but have obviously lower SiO₂(59.51~60.59wt%), K₂O(4.39~4.84wt%), and Na₂O(4.94~5.08wt%)content, and higher Al₂O₃(15.81~16.42wt%), CaO(2.78~3.66wt%), MgO(1.43~1.9wt%), TiO₂(1.04~1.4wt%)content than the khaki pumices. The above results show that the eruptive intensity of the Yuanchi stage is weaker than that of the Chifeng stage and the several magmatic compositions of pumices from the Millennium eruption reveal a complex magma system under the Tianchi volcano. The magma layers with different compositions may exist in the magma chamber contemporaneously. At Chifeng stage, only the upper comendite magma erupted, but the magma below erupted in the pulsing pattern at the Yuanchi stage.     

COMPARISON OF METHODS FOR DISTINGUISHING DIFFERENT GRADES OF GEOMORPHOLOGIC SURFACES BASED ON SEDIMENT PARTICLE SIZE FEATURES: TAKING THE QINGYIJIANG RIVER BASIN AS AN EXAMPLE

When using river geomorphology to study tectonic deformation, it is often difficult to distinguish the same level geomorphology in areas with severe weathering. In this paper, we take the geomorphologic surfaces of the Qingyijiang river basin as an example and try to distinguish the geomorphic surfaces by the sediment features that make up them. In order to distinguish different geomorphic surfaces, the traditional particle-size analysis method, SOFM network method and system clustering analysis method are taken to classify 29 samples from different geomorphic surfaces. The classification results of the three methods are different to a certain extent. We analyzed and compared the classification results of the three methods in detail. The results show that the traditional particle size analysis method, SOFM network method and cluster analysis method all can distinguish the geomorphic surface of different genesis, besides, they also can distinguish low-level terraces(T₁, T₂)and high-level terraces(T₃, T₄)for different grades of river terraces. Furthermore, the results also show that SOFM network method and cluster analysis method can make a certain distinction for the low-level terraces(T₁, T₂), while the traditional particle size analysis method is difficult to distinguish them. In addition, we analyzed and compared the three methods from the classification results, the results presentation, the operation process, and the error transmission. The results suggest that the advantages and disadvantages of the three methods are obvious. From the perspective of the classification results, the three methods all can distinguish the river terraces and alluvial fans and can make certain discrimination for different levels of river terraces. From the presentation of the results, the result of SOFM network is simple and clear. From the operation process, the traditional particle-size analysis method is relatively cumbersome, and the SOFM network method and the cluster analysis method are relatively simple to operate. From the perspective of error transmission, the traditional particle-size analysis method calculates the partial particle size feature value of the sample, which has a certain loss for the particle size distribution information of the whole sample. The error of the clustering analysis method has cumulative features and the influence exists consistently. The classification results of the SOFM network are independent of each other, which effectively avoids the problem of such error transmission of clustering analysis method. Overall, the classification results of the SOFM network method are simple and clear, the operation is simple, and the error is small. It has stronger adaptability to identifying different levels of different geomorphic surfaces. The results of this study will provide a simple and effective means for distinguishing different levels of geomorphic surfaces.     

SCOUR AROUND GROINS

l INTRODUCTIONGroins are smictures consmicted transverse to the river flow and extended from the bank into the river.They serve one or more of the following functions: 1) training of the stream flow, 2) protection of s treambank frOm erosion, and 3) imProvement of flow dePth for navigation. Groins, according to method andtyPe of construction material, are usually classified as permeable or imPermeable. However in this paPeranother wne is introduced, i.e. semipermeable groin, which is th…