GIS栅格数据的邻域粒化和粗糙逼近

GIS栅格数据能表述连续变化的空间现象,它每个像元的属性值有连续数据和离散数据2种。针对栅格连续数值空间进行分析,突破传统的基于栅格本身邻域位置的研究方法,从属性值本身来定义邻域,基于属性距离度量公式来定义数据的领域。不同的邻域大小,一个栅格像元可以得到不同的邻域;并且从粗糙逼近的角度来探讨邻域信息粒子样本的上、下近似...     

Effects of seed particle size and composition on heterogeneous nucleation of n-nonane

Heterogeneous nucleation of supersaturated n-nonane vapour on seed particles of different size and composition has been investigated using a fast expansion chamber. Monodisperse seed particle sizes were ranging from about 4 nm up to about 24 nm in diameter. By using different types of particle generators WO_x, Ag and (NH₄)₂SO₄ particles were generated. For direct comparison between different particle compositions overlapping sizes have been generated for WO_x and Ag at about 7 nm particle diameter as well as for Ag and (NH₄)₂SO₄ at about 15 nm. Nucleation temperature was kept constant at about 278 K. Experimental data were compared to Kelvin equation and Fletcher theory including the effect of line tension. It was found that heterogeneous nucleation of n-nonane seems to be independent of seed particle composition and starts well below the Kelvin curve. Good agreement was achieved with Fletcher theory including the effect of line tension.     

Shaking table test of the effects of multi‐unit particle dampers attached to an MDOF system under earthquake excitation

This paper presents the results of an experimental and analytical/computational study of the performance of multi‐unit particle dampers with an MDOF system. A series of shaking table tests of a three‐storey steel frame with the particle damper system were carried out to evaluate the performance of the system and to verify the analysis method. An analytical solution based on the discrete element method is also presented. A comparison between the experimental and computational results shows that reasonably accurate estimates of the response of a primary system under earthquake excitations can be obtained. These results also indicate that the excitation characterization influences the performance of the particle damper system, for example, particle dampers have good performance in reducing the seismic response of structures and particle movements of plug flow pattern can yield good vibration attenuation effects. It is shown that by using properly designed multi‐unit particle dampers, a lightly damped primary system can achieve a reasonable reduction in its response, with a small weight penalty. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

On the possible role of cusp/cleft precipitation in the formation of polar-cap patches

The work describes experimental observations of enhancements in the electron density of the ionospheric F-region created by cusp/cleft particle precipitation at the dayside entry to the polar-cap convection flow. Measurements by meridian scanning photometer and all-sky camera of optical red-line emissions from aurora are used to identify latitudinally narrow bands of soft-particle precipitation responsible for structured enhancements in electron density determined from images obtained by radio tomography. Two examples are discussed in which the electron density features with size scales and magnitudes commensurate with those of patches are shown to be formed by precipitation at the entry region to the anti-sunward flow. In one case the spectrum of the incoming particles results in ionisation being created, for the most part below 250 km, so that the patch will persist only for minutes after convecting away from the auroral source region. However in a second example, at a time when the plasma density of the solar wind was particularly high, a substantial part of the particle-induced enhancement formed above 250 km. It is suggested that, with the reduced recombination loss in the upper F-region, this structure will retain form as a patch during passage in the anti-sunward flow across the polar cap.     

Time‐integrated sampling of fluvial suspended sediment: a simple methodology for small catchments

Fine‐grained (<62·5 µm) suspended sediment transport is a key component of the geochemical flux in most fluvial systems. The highly episodic nature of suspended sediment transport imposes a significant constraint on the design of sampling strategies aimed at characterizing the biogeochemical properties of such sediment. A simple sediment sampler, utilizing ambient flow to induce sedimentation by settling, is described. The sampler can be deployed unattended in small streams to collect time‐integrated suspended sediment samples. In laboratory tests involving chemically dispersed sediment, the sampler collected a maximum of 71% of the input sample mass. However, under natural conditions, the existence of composite particles or flocs can be expected to increase significantly the trapping efficiency. Field trials confirmed that the particle size composition and total carbon content of the sediment collected by the sampler were representative statistically of the ambient suspended sediment. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

石笼挡土墙的颗粒离散元细观力学模拟研究

针对在施工过程中,石笼挡土墙墙面位移的发展、墙背填土中土应力的变化的问题,从细观层面,采用基于离散单元法的颗粒流程序,通过多组试件的模拟压缩试验,确定了填土、填石、石笼等材料合理的力学参数值,以工程中的实体石笼挡土墙为原型,建立了墙背阶梯式石笼挡土墙数值模拟模型。通过在填土表面施加均布荷载,研究了挡土墙的力学行为。模拟结果显示：填土中的水平应力随深度的增加对均布荷载的敏感性降低,填土深度越浅,应力值越早得到增加,增加幅度越大,这主要是由于石笼挡土墙上部发生了较大的位移,均布荷载的作用大部分消耗在上层填土中,仅有小部分能量传递到较深填土;石笼挡土墙变形主要发生在填土阶段,应加强石笼挡土墙填土阶段的施工管理;无论是在填土阶段,还是均布荷载作用阶段,石笼挡土墙墙面的位移值均是中上部较大,下部较小。由此可推断,墙背阶梯式石笼挡土墙的破坏形式为倾覆式。     

高压下尾矿材料幂函数型摩尔强度特性研究

高压下尾矿材料的强度特性是高尾矿坝稳定性分析的基础。理论推导了幂函数型摩尔（Mohr）强度通式 须满足的条件为 , , ;基于高压三轴试验研究了尾矿材料的强度特征,研究表明：幂函数型摩尔强度包络线能较好地反应尾矿材料在高压下的强度特征;尾矿材料在高压作用下试验前、后的颗粒分析结果表明：当围压达到某一阈值时,尾矿材料在剪切过程中将发生颗粒破碎,对于德兴铜矿尾粉砂,阈值为1 200 kPa;对于德兴铜矿尾亚砂,阈值为1 600 kPa。研究成果可为高尾矿坝坝体稳定性评价提供理论依据。     

砾石土渗透稳定特性试验研究

目前砾石土被广泛地用作高土石坝中的防渗体,国内已建成的187 m高的瀑布沟堆石坝就是用它作心墙的防渗材料。介绍了瀑布沟心墙土料的渗透稳定试验结果,并论述了确定砾石土渗透稳定性能的的主要因素是细粒含量,提出了确定粗、细粒料的区分粒径、计算最优细料含量以及用细料含量判别渗透稳定性的方法。试验结果表明,工程中常以小于5 mm粒径含量不小于35%、小于0.1 mm的粒径含量不小于18%,以判别砾石土能否作为高土石坝防渗体的标准是可行的,无需另外要求小于0.005 mm的粒径含量大于10%。     

定量表征河流砂颗粒的形状——在西藏帕隆藏布的尝试

河流搬运体系中,颗粒的形状属性可以反映其来源、搬运、沉积的过程。长期以来沉积学界缺乏相对统一的定量的、多维的颗粒形状参数。本研究以西藏雅鲁藏布江支流帕隆藏布为例,运用图像分析、软件分析等计算机辅助技术,对8个天然河流砂样品中的2276个颗粒开展碎屑成分鉴定和形状参数量化等工作。重点评估了11个颗粒形状参数,通过因子分析等统计方法提取并定义了3个形状信号,包括圆形度因子、规则度因子和平滑度因子。这些参数可用于表征颗粒宏观形状上接近圆形的程度、中观尺度上轮廓规则的程度及轮廓平滑的程度。挖掘天然河流砂的重要形状特征后,进一步探索了这些形状参数与颗粒成分、粒度的关系。本研究成果为解释河流系统中颗粒的形状信号、理解颗粒自身微观属性和外部物理过程等提供重要借鉴。