Identification of failure slip surfaces for landslide risk assessment using smoothed particle hydrodynamics

ABSTRACT

Location of failure slip surfaces plays a critical role in landslide risk assessment and mitigation, particularly for unstable slopes, because it is a key input to design of stabilisation measures for unstable slopes and it determines the volume of the sliding soil mass (i.e. landslide consequence). The failure slip surfaces in the numerical analysis (e.g. finite element/different method, FEM/FDM) are often identified using shear strength reduction (SSR) method. A careful examination of FEM results showed that, although the SSR method performs well for stable slopes, it might provide misleading results for unstable slopes. To properly locate failure slip surfaces for unstable slopes, this paper presents a particle-based numerical method called smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH), which is mesh-free, immune to the mesh distortion problem in FEM/FDM, and able to directly simulate large deformation of soils that occurs during landslides. A series of slope stability analyses is performed using an in-house SPH programme. Failure slip surfaces are properly identified by SPH for both stable and unstable slopes. Furthermore, because SPH provides a spatial distribution of the post-landslide large displacement of soils, the failure slip surfaces can be identified conveniently using soil displacement. A displacement-based criterion is proposed to locate the failure slip surfaces.     

基于拉格朗日方法的洪泽湖与巢湖河流出入湖水体追踪计算

利用耦合北斗和GPS双定位系统的拉格朗日随体法水质点追踪仪,在2018年9月至2019年10月期间开展了总数为18次的洪泽湖和巢湖主要河流河水入湖后表层、中层和底层水体运移同步追踪观测,研究了两个湖泊河水入湖后的运移轨迹和速度特征。结果表明：淮河主河道河水入洪泽湖后流向南北两侧;徐洪河河口处水体表层流速在洪泽湖5条河道出入湖口处为最大;巢湖双桥河河口处水体流速受巢湖闸运行影响强烈,各层流速在7条入湖河流中最大。洪泽湖、巢湖入湖水体流速由表层至底层逐渐降低,洪泽湖各层水体流速大于巢湖。洪泽湖河口处表层水体8次测量平均流速为6.11cm/s;巢湖为5.51cm/s;二者中层流速分别为5.32和3.85cm/s;底层则分别为4.96和3.67cm/s。     

流场动态地图符号视觉变量分析与应用

随着大数据的发展以及数据观测技术的进步,以动态地图和动态符号的方式进行流场可视化表达具有广泛的应用前景。针对目前流场动态地图符号表达机制研究不足的问题,本文采用粒子系统方法构建了流场动态地图符号表达模型,基于流场的特点,研究了视觉变量的选取对于流场动态表达效果的影响。然后,以海洋流场数据的可视化实现为例进行验证,结果表明可视化效果良好,可以为矢量场动态符号的应用提供参考。     

Consolidation solution of soil around a permeable pipe pile

Abstract

In practice, how to quickly improve the bearing capacity of piles in a short time is of great significance. In view of this, a technique of setting grooves and installing PVDs (prefabricated vertical drains) at the surface of the pile is proposed in this investigation to accelerate the consolidation of the surrounding soil. A radial and circular consolidation model is established for permeable piles. The finite cosine transform, finite Weber transform, and discretization method are used to obtain a semi-analytical solution for the consolidation model with a mixed drainage boundary condition at the surface of the pile. The sensitivity of the consolidation process to the strip number and the width of PVDs is discussed. The results show that the technique of installing PVDs in piles could potentially improve the bearing capacity. When the area of drainage channels is fixed, the bearing capacity of permeable piles can be more effectively improved by using a higher strip number of PVDs and a smaller PVD width.     

北京地区气溶胶粒径尺度谱与PM2.5浓度转换模型研究

大气细颗粒物（PM_2.5）质量浓度是重要的空气质量指标之一。为了促进区域PM_2.5浓度监测的研究,同时拓展利用CE318太阳光度计等光学传感器反演的大气气溶胶产品的应用领域,本文首先基于北京地区2014年—2017年大气气溶胶反演的粒径尺度谱分布产品,计算表征PM_2.5的粒子体积,并结合同一时间北京地区35个空气质量站点提供的PM_2.5质量浓度参考值计算转换系数,对样本区间进行划分以构建转换模型。其次,利用各CE318站点数据所得转换系数及其相对精度,对研究区PM_2.5质量浓度估算误差空间分布,以及转换系数偏差对估值误差贡献情况进行评价。研究结果表明,由CE318站PM_2.5粒子体积与其临近空气质量站PM_2.5质量浓度联合建立的转换系数是一种与气溶胶理化属性密切相关的参数指标,可将时间和空间维度上PM_2.5体积与PM_2.5质量浓度之间的关系映射到由理化属性主导的维度上,可用于对估值模型进行细化和分类,构建分段转换函数模型,使得各分段区间内具有较高的模型拟合精度。基于转换系数的北京地区PM_2.5浓度估值的相对误差多年均值介于12.8 %—28.7 %,而转换系数相对偏差对PM_2.5质量浓度估值相对误差的影响显著,二者之间具有“r”型结构。当转换系数相对偏差介于-16.3 %至24.5 %时,该偏差的出现概率约为66.5 %,使得PM_2.5质量浓度估值误差在20 %以内,表明采用此种方法对相应站点的PM_2.5质量浓度进行估值具有相当的精度和稳定性。以上研究结果可为地面观测站稀少区域利用卫星光学遥感开展空气质量大范围监测应用提供理论前提和技术支持。     

基于原位激光粒度仪(LISST)的悬浮体平均粒径计算方法对比研究

根据2012年夏季和2016年冬季在南黄海中部利用原位激光粒度仪(laser in situ scattering and transmissometry,LISST)进行调查获得的实测数据,对两种平均粒径计算方法的结果进行比较研究,并对产生差别的原因进行分析。结果表明:无论在夏季和冬季,在温度跃层以上粒度分布以粗颗粒为主,两种计算方法差值较小,可以相互替代。在温盐跃层以下层位,细颗粒组分增加,导致二者计算差值变大。端元分析表明较高的平均粒径值倾向于造成平均粒径差值增大。矩值法强调了粗颗粒组分的贡献,而平均粒级法对细颗粒组分的贡献更加敏感,后者是更适用于将LISST观测数据应用于陆架海区现代沉积环境研究的粒径参数计算方法。本文为使用LISST在陆架海区进行现代沉积过程研究提供了参考。     

基于粒子群算法优化的BP神经网络在海水水质评价中的应用

针对目前存在的海水水质受多因素影响、评价难的现状,提出了一种基于粒子群算法（PSO）优化误差反向传播（BP）神经网络的海水水质评价模型。该模型通过PSO得到BP神经网络最优的权值和阈值,结合青岛东部海域10个监测站点的数据得到水质评价结果。实验证明,该模型和单因子评价、传统的BP神经网络评价相比较,具有训练时间短、预测精度高的特点,在海水水质评价中具有良好的应用价值。     

Single particle analysis of oceanic suspended matter during the SEEDS II iron fertilization experiment

Suspended particles collected from surface seawater during the SEEDS II (Subarctic Iron Experiment for Ecosystem and Dynamics Study II) experiment were analyzed individually using an electron probe X-ray micro analyzer and characterized by size and elemental composition. Their numbers, relative abundances, and relative particle volume all showed clear differences between samples collected inside vs. outside the phytoplankton bloom that developed following the addition of iron. Throughout the study, Si-rich, Ca-rich and Organic particles were dominant and their number increased inside the fertilized patch; these particles accounted for 21%, 13% and 58% of the particles examined, respectively. Si-rich or Ca-rich particles commonly consisted of fragments of diatom frustules and coccolithophorids. There was consistently greater percentage of Ca-rich particles and lower percentage of Si-rich particles inside the patch than outside of it in number, but both types of these particles apparently occupied a larger volume inside the patch than outside of it. Organic particles, that showed having peaks in smaller diameter particles, increased apparently inside the patch with time after iron fertilization. The Organic particles had a more diverse mixture of both bio-related and crustal trace elements than the other types of particles. These results suggest that the increase in suspended particles following the iron enrichment was due to a combination of detrital material and live phytoplankton.     

往复海流作用下桩基局部冲刷及海底沉积物粒度变化

根据胶州湾海湾大桥现场试桩结果,对海流作用下桩基局部冲刷进行了研究。通过对桩柱附近实测海流以及试桩前后桩柱周边海底沉积物粒度变化联合分析,发现桩柱竖立后,桩柱根部优势流迎流面发生局部冲刷,侧面和背流面发生局部淤积。桩柱附近海底沉积物粗化,且根部优势流迎流面海底沉积物粗化最为明显。说明桩柱竖立后,细颗粒物质迁移,使桩柱附近海底发生冲淤变化。     

南翼山浅层Ⅰ＋Ⅱ油层组储层敏感性分析

从储层特征出发,分析了南翼山浅层Ⅰ＋Ⅱ油层组储层产生伤害的原因,指出由于岩性和物性的复杂性,导致储层容易被损害。敏感性分析表明,储层主要的伤害类型是水敏、盐敏和酸敏伤害,其次是速敏伤害。在勘探开发中应把防止水敏、盐敏和酸敏伤害作为优先考虑的问题。