近百年海螺沟冰川退缩区域土壤CO2排放规律

贡嘎山东坡海螺沟冰川退缩地植被原生演替系列的样地调查基础上,用光合作用测定仪(美国产CI-301PS)的闭路方法测定土壤呼吸,并测定相关的生态因子。对植被原生演替过程中草本群落,川滇柳,冬瓜杨小树林,冬瓜杨中龄林,冬瓜杨成熟林,针阔混交林,云冷杉中龄林和云冷杉成熟林7个阶段的土壤呼吸速率进行连续3a的测定,它们的土壤CO2排放通量分别是51 67、39 70、56 45、58 89、85 22、120 26和158 65kgCO2/hm2·d-1。建立了7个阶段的土壤呼吸速率与温度的相关关系,认为未来大气温度升高将对同一气候区内的草地土壤呼吸影响最大,对演替过程中的落叶阔叶林土壤呼吸影响次之,对云冷杉林土壤呼吸影响最小。样地的形成年龄、生物量和净初级生产力这些与演替进程植物群落新陈代谢水平呈正相关的因素,才是决定样地土壤呼吸速率的主要因素,也是各样地之间土壤呼吸速率存在差异的主要原因。并将植被原生演替序列土壤CO2排放通量与国内外测定不同类型土壤呼吸速率的结果进行比较,认为Raich等人对温带针叶林土壤排放CO2通量的估测值偏低,对全球不同生态系统类型土壤排放CO2通量的差异估测不足。     

Influencing factors and partitioning of respiration in a Leymus chinensis steppe in Xilin River Basin, Inner Mongolia, China

Based on the static opaque chamber method, the respiration rates of soil microbial respiration, soil respiration, and ecosystem respiration were measured through continuous in-situ experiments during rapid growth season in semiarid Leymus chinensis steppe in the Xilin River Basin of Inner Mongolia, China. Soil temperature and moisture were the main factor affecting respiration rates. Soil temperature can explain most CO2 efflux variations (R2=0.376–0.655) excluding data of low soil water conditions. Soil moisture can also effectively explain most of the variations of soil and ecosystem respiration (R2=0.314–0.583), but it can not explain much of the variation of microbial respiration (R2=0.063). Low soil water content (≤5%) inhibited CO2 efflux though the soil temperature was high. Rewetting the soil after a long drought resulted in substantial increases in CO2 flux at high temperature. Bivariable models based on soil temperature at 5 cm depth and soil moisture at 0–10 cm depth can explain about 70% of the variations of CO2 effluxes. The contribution of soil respiration to ecosystem respiration averaged 59.4%, ranging from 47.3% to 72.4%; the contribution of root respiration to soil respiration averaged 20.5%, ranging from 11.7% to 51.7%. The contribution of soil to ecosystem respiration was a little overestimated and root to soil respiration little underestimated because of the increased soil water content that occurred as a result of plant removal.     

长期定量施肥对土壤有机碳储量和土壤呼吸影响

利用1989年在河南省封丘县潮土上建立的用于研究有机肥（用小麦秸秆和饼肥沤制）和化学肥料对土壤有机碳和土壤生产力影响的长期定位试验，于2002年6月至2003年6月在玉米—小麦轮作期内对土壤呼吸进行了研究。试验包括化肥氮磷钾（NKP）、氮磷（NP）、氮钾（NK）、磷钾（PK）、有机肥（OM）、一半化学氮肥和一半有机氮（1/2OM）以及不施肥（CK）7个处理。试验结果表明：以有机肥或以化肥形式配合施用NPK不但可以极大提高土壤生产力，而且有益于增加土壤有机碳储量。有机肥对土壤有机碳含量的提高作用显著高于化肥。玉米生长期的土壤呼吸占全年呼吸量的56%～59%，小麦生长期只占32%～37%。土壤有机碳储量和土壤呼吸量与有机物质的投入有关。综合考虑经济效益（籽粒产量）和环境效益（全球变化），最佳的肥料配比是有机肥料和无机肥料配合施用，寻求合理可行的有机肥和化肥配合比率是实现农业土壤生产功能和环境功能协调统一的关键。     

石漠化地区不同种植年限李树土壤呼吸月动态变化研究

选取桂林恭城县国家可持续发展试验示范区石漠化治理过程中不同种植年限李树样地土壤为研究对象,对土壤呼吸进行以月为周期的监测,结果表明:（1）不同种植年限李树土壤呼吸速率的变化趋势随月份变化基本保持一致,呈现多峰形,而从季节尺度上看,随着春夏秋冬四季的交替,土壤呼吸速率逐渐下降;（2）李树种植年限在不同程度上对土壤呼吸速率均有影响,2 a,5 a和20 a的土壤呼吸速率年均值分别为48.56 mgC·（m2·h）-1、45.63 mgC·（m2·h）-1、41.64 mgC·（m2·h）-1,其中幼龄期（2 a）和盛果期（5 a）土壤呼吸速率较高,高的土壤呼吸速率反映了较快的有机代谢和物质循环,是为了满足植物在生长初期所需的碳源及养分,而20 a李树处于生长老龄期,其已维持了一个较稳定的地下生态系统,土壤呼吸作用降低;（3）在雨热同期（4-8月）时,土壤温度和土壤含水量之间呈极显著负相关关系（P<0.01）,土壤温度和土壤呼吸速率之间呈极显著负相关关系（P<0.01）,而土壤含水量与土壤呼吸速率呈极显著正相关关系（P<0.01）,这主要是由于土壤呼吸在时间尺度上存在滞后效应。      

三江源高寒草甸不同退化阶段植被和土壤呼吸特征

通过监测三江源玛沁县高寒草甸2017年度植被特征及土壤呼吸通量, 探讨了不同退化阶段植被群落、 土壤呼吸特征及其协同关系, 并分析了土壤呼吸的温度敏感性。结果表明： 随着高寒草甸退化程度加剧, 禾本科植物重要值降低, 毒杂草显著增加（P<0.05）; 植被盖度、 物种数、 多样性指数显著下降（P<0.05）, 重度退化阶段的地上生物量比轻度、 中度退化阶段降低了25.36%、 22.37%（P<0.05）; 在中度退化条件下, 均匀度指数和地下生物量显著增多（P<0.05）。在各退化阶段, 土壤呼吸年内均呈单峰式变化过程, 表现出生长季高、 非生长季低的特征, 植物生长旺季（7 - 8月）最高, 且与5 cm深度处土壤温度之间呈显著指数关系（P<0.05）; 2017年轻度退化、 中度退化和重度退化阶段的土壤呼吸碳排放总量分别为626.89 gC·m^-2、 386.66 gC·m^-2、 393.81 gC·m^-2; 同时, 土壤呼吸与植被群落演替具有显著的协同性, 随着退化程度加剧土壤呼吸速率下降。轻度退化、 中度退化、 重度退化阶段土壤呼吸的温度敏感性系数（Q₁₀）分别为2.82、 3.54和2.35, 表明中度退化条件下的温度敏感性最强, 重度退化条件下最弱。     

Dependence of wheat and rice respiration on tissue nitrogen and the corresponding net carbon fixation efficiency under different rates of nitrogen application

To quantitatively address the role of tissue N in crop respiration under various agricultural practices, and to consequently evaluate the impact of synthetic fertilizer N application on biomass production and respiration, and hence net carbon fixation efficiency （Encf）, pot and field experiments were carried out for an annual rotation of a rice-wheat cropping system from 2001 to 2003. The treatments of the pot experiments included fertilizer N application, sowing date and planting density. Different rates of N application were tested in the field experiments. Static opaque chambers were used for sampling the gas. The respiration as CO2 emission was detected by a gas chromatograph. A successive biomass clipping method was employed to determine the crop autotrophic respiration coefficient （Ra）. Results from the pot experiments revealed a linear relationship between Ra and tissue N content as Ra = 4.74N-1.45 （R^2= 0.85, P 〈 0.001）. Measurements and calculations from the field experiments indicated that fertilizer N application promoted not only biomass production but also increased the respiration of crops. A further investigation showed that the increase of carbon loss in terms of respiration owing to fertilizer N application exceeded that of net carbon gain in terms of aboveground biomass when fertilizer N was applied over a certain rate. Consequently, the Encf declined as the N application rate increased.     

典型岩溶区土壤呼吸作用的昼夜变化特征及其影响因素

为揭示桂林毛村岩溶地区夏季表层土壤呼吸作用昼夜演变规律。本次研究选用静态暗箱/气相色谱法,监测了无降水影响下毛村岩溶区域的表层土壤呼吸通量的昼夜变化规律。同时野外监测表层土壤的温度、大气温度、大气压强等环境参数,以综合分析影响土壤呼吸作用昼夜变化的关键环境因子。结果表明:受到大气温度变化的影响,研究区域土壤表层温度呈现单峰型的昼夜变化规律,表层土壤呼吸作用也存在明显的昼夜变化特征。土壤呼吸最大值出现在12:40至14:40,最小值出现在4:40-6:40。土壤呼吸作用强度和变幅均是白天大于夜间。大气温度与土壤呼吸作用呈显著正相关关系（P<0.01）,说明在土壤含水量未超过阀值时,大气温度是影响土壤呼吸作用昼夜变化的关键环境因子。本次研究明确了土壤呼吸作用在昼夜变化上的变异性,对精确估算整个生态系统的碳收支有重要意义。      

Abiotic regulators of soil respiration in desert ecosystems

Soil temperature and soil moisture are the most important environmental factors controlling soil respiration in mesic ecosystems. However, soil respiration and associated abiotic regulators have been poorly studied in desert ecosystems. In this study, soil respiration was measured using an automated CO₂ efflux system (LI-COR 8100), and the effects of soil temperature and moisture on the rate of soil respiration were examined in six desert sites [three communities—Haloxylon ammodendron, Halostachys caspica and Anabasis aphylla at high (B) and low (A) vegetation coverage respectively]. It was found that soil respiration was significantly and positively correlated with soil surface temperature. A multi-variable model of soil temperature and soil moisture could explain 61.9% of temporal variation in soil CO₂ efflux at a larger scale. There were significantly negative correlations between soil respiration and soil moisture in Haloxylon ammodendron B and Halostachys caspica B sites, which represented the driest and wettest sites, respectively. The results also showed that soil respiration displayed obvious diurnal and seasonal patterns during the growing season. The Q₁₀ values for Haloxylon ammodendron A and B, Halostachys caspica A and B, and Anabasis aphylla A and B sites were 1.3, 1.34, 1.58, 1.65, 1.31 and 1.17, respectively, with a cross-site average of 1.39. The results showed that soil respiration was not positively correlated with soil moisture unlike in most mesic ecosystems. However, soil respiration in desert ecosystems is less sensitive to temperature variation than most mesic ecosystems as indicated by the lower Q₁₀ values possibly due to energy limitation.     

Oxygen distribution and aerobic respiration in the north and south eastern tropical Pacific oxygen minimum zones

Highly sensitive STOX O₂ sensors were used for determination of in situ O₂ distribution in the eastern tropical north and south Pacific oxygen minimum zones (ETN/SP OMZs), as well as for laboratory determination of O₂ uptake rates of water masses at various depths within these OMZs. Oxygen was generally below the detection limit (few nmol L⁻¹) in the core of both OMZs, suggesting the presence of vast volumes of functionally anoxic waters in the eastern Pacific Ocean. Oxygen was often not detectable in the deep secondary chlorophyll maximum found at some locations, but other secondary maxima contained up to ~0.4 µmol L⁻¹. Directly measured respiration rates were high in surface and subsurface oxic layers of the coastal waters, reaching values up to 85 nmol L⁻¹ O₂ h⁻¹. Substantially lower values were found at the depths of the upper oxycline, where values varied from 2 to 33 nmol L⁻¹ O₂ h⁻¹. Where secondary chlorophyll maxima were found the rates were higher than in the oxic water just above. Incubation times longer than 20 h, in the all-glass containers, resulted in highly increased respiration rates. Addition of amino acids to the water from the upper oxycline did not lead to a significant initial rise in respiration rate within the first 20 h, indicating that the measurement of respiration rates in oligotrophic Ocean water may not be severely affected by low levels of organic contamination during sampling. Our measurements indicate that aerobic metabolism proceeds efficiently at extremely low oxygen concentrations with apparent half-saturation concentrations (K_m values) ranging from about 10 to about 200 nmol L⁻¹.     

Does grazing change algal communities from grassland and pine afforested streams?: A laboratory approach

Drastic changes in the composition and physiognomy of riparian vegetation, such as the conversion of grassland to forest, are expected to alter interactions among light availability, primary producers and herbivores. Our aim was to examine in laboratory the influence of a ubiquitous grazer on periphyton grown in a grassland unshaded stream (reference) vs. periphyton from a nearby pine afforested stream. Besides, we evaluated how the community responds to the removal of grazing. Given that grassland streams are exposed to higher light intensity and grazers are more abundant compared to afforested streams, we proposed that if biofilm grown in the afforested stream are dominated by grazing-vulnerable algal species, grazing pressure by Helicopsyche sp. should be stronger. In addition, if biofilm from the afforested stream has low quality or is less abundant as food for consumers, the effects of Helicopsyche sp. may be stronger or weaker depending on their feeding decisions. Helicopsyche sp. caused a decrease in richness and diversity in periphyton grown in the grassland stream and its net grazing effect on chlorophyll a (Chl a) was higher. Algal community composition from grassland stream was strongly changed after grazing, with a decrease in the proportion of overstory algae. In contrast, algal community structure of periphyton from the afforested stream was neither affected by grazing nor by grazing exclusion. Helicopsyche sp. produced significant changes in a short time in structural attributes of algal communities, mainly in periphyton from the grassland stream suggesting that herbivory, as a functional factor, is diminished following afforestation.