米槠天然林土壤真菌对N2O产生的贡献

研究表明亚热带地区森林土壤硝化和反硝化能力都非常低,但却是全球N2O最大的自然源之一,因而推测极有可能存在N2O潜在源未被认识,有迹象表明真菌最有可能是这一潜在源的贡献者,但实际研究证据并不多．为此本研究以中亚热带地区典型常绿阔叶林——武夷山自然保护区米槠天然林土壤为对象,利用室内基质诱导呼吸选择抑制方法,研究在水分60％WHC和温度25℃条件下土壤真菌细菌活性比及其对N2O产生的相对贡献．结果显示真菌和细菌的活性比例分别是0．7±0．3和0．3±0．1,前者显著大于后者（P〈0．05）,真菌与细菌的活性比为2．00±1．00;与对照相比,添加放线菌酮（真菌抑制剂）处理N2O产生速率减少了50．8±11．3％,添加链霉素（细菌抑制剂）处理则减少了43．7±11．8％,前者减少是后者的1．15倍,但差异不显著．研究结果表明该米槠天然林土壤在给定实验条件下真菌活性比细菌的大,但二者对土壤N2O产生的贡献几乎相等．基质诱导呼吸选择抑制方法具有较多的限制条件,若得出可靠结论,还应该利用包括生物化学、分子生物学方法在内的多种方法进行相互验证．同时今后应加强真菌产生N2O途径及机理研究．     

Downstream evolution of wastewater treatment plant nutrient signals using high-temporal monitoring

Wastewater treatment plants are major point-sources of nutrients to streams globally, but the impact on receiving streams is not always clear. Previous research has shown mixed responses in receiving streams, with some showing no net retention through in-stream processing for large distances below plants and some showing high rates of processing and retention. This study focuses on Sandy Run, a small, suburban stream in Montgomery County, PA, that receives effluent from two plants, where effluent makes up an estimated 50% of outlet discharge at baseflow. Two sites were monitored in late summer baseflow using high-temporal loggers to evaluate nitrate and phosphate retention with distance below the plants. Effluent quantity was monitored immediately below the effluent outfalls using specific conductivity as a conservative signal of solute fluctuations throughout the day. A site 1 km downstream showed diel nitrate changes, but despite moderate gross primary productivity and ecosystem respiration rates, there was little net retention of nutrients and the diel nitrate signal can be attributed to advection and dispersion of variable upstream effluent. A site 5.4 km below the plant showed a diel nitrate signal as well, but baseflow daily hysteresis plots of nitrate and specific conductivity showed the effluent and nitrate peaks did not coincide. Instead, the effluent input signal was seen overnight, but there was in-stream removal and release processes during the day. Over the distance to this site, the stream was metabolizing some of the high nutrient loads, although gross primary productivity and ecosystem respiration rates were lower. It is important to understand subdaily changes in nutrient processing to fully quantify the impacts of effluent on small streams at different scales. Furthermore, looking at the diel signal without considering conservative transport would overestimate in-stream processing.     

内蒙古羊草草原呼吸的影响因素分析和区分

利用静态暗箱-气相色谱法在植物生长旺季测算了内蒙古锡林河流域羊草草原的土壤微生物呼吸、土壤呼吸和生态系统呼吸。地温和水分是植物生长旺季呼吸最重要的影响因素。地温在水分条件适宜的情况下可以解释CO₂通量的部分变化(R² = 0.376~0.655)。土壤水分含量也可以解释土壤呼吸和生态系统呼吸的部分变化(R² = 0.314~0.583),但基本不能解释土壤微生物呼吸的变化(R² = 0.063)。即使在较高温度下,较低的土壤水分含量(≤ 5%) 也会显著的抑制CO₂排放。长期干旱后降雨使CO₂通量在高温下迅速增大。基于5 cm地温和0~10 cm土壤水分含量的双变量模型可以解释CO₂通量约70%的变化。观测期间,土壤呼吸占生态系统呼吸的比例介于47.3%~72.4%之间,平均为59.4%;根呼吸占土壤呼吸的比例介于11.7%~51.7%之间,平均为20.5%。由于植物体去除引起的土壤水分含量上升可能使我们对土壤呼吸占生态系统呼吸比例的估计略微偏高,根呼吸占土壤呼吸的比例略微偏低。     

Cold-season soil respiration in response to grazing and warming in High-Arctic Svalbard

The influence of goose grazing intensity and open-topped chambers (OTCs) on near-surface quantities and qualities of soil organic carbon (SOC) was evaluated in wet and mesic ecosystems in Svalbard. This study followed up a field experiment carried out in 2003–05 (part of the project Fragility of Arctic Goose Habitat: Impacts of Land Use, Conservation and Elevated Temperatures). New measurements of soil CO₂ effluxes, temperatures and water contents were regularly made from July to November 2007. SOC stocks were quantified, and the reactivity and composition measured by basal soil respiration (BSR) and solid-state ¹³C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Results reveal variations in soil carbon cycling, with significant seasonal trends controlled by temperature, water content and snow. Experimental warming (OTCs) increased near-surface temperatures in the growing season, resulting in significantly higher CO₂ effluxes. Different grazing intensities had no significant effects on observed soil respiration, but BSR rates at the mesic site (13–23 µg CO₂ g soil-C⁻¹ h⁻¹) were highest with moderate grazing and lowest in the absence of grazing. A limited effect of grazing on microbial respiration is consistent with a lack of significant differences in SOC quantity and quality. NMR data show that the composition of A-horizon SOC is dominated by O-N-alkyl C and alkyl C groups, and less by carboxyl C and aromatic C groups: but again no marked variation in response to grazing was evident. It can be concluded that two years after a goose grazing experiment, SOC cycling was less than the natural variation within contrasting vegetation types.     

盐生荒漠生态系统二氧化碳通量的年内、年际变异特征

采用涡度相关法,并结合小气候观测,对荒漠生态系统净二氧化碳通量进行了连续3个生长季的观测（2004—2006年）,并据此分析了荒漠生态系统净二氧化碳通量及其主要成分GPP和Reco的季节和年际间变化特征。结果表明,在生长季尺度上,各个阶段二氧化碳吸收量的大小分别为:生长旺盛期>生长初期>生长末期,这可能与植物叶面积的大小以及光合有效辐射,大气温度等环境要素有关系。在年际尺度上,3个生长季同阶段的二氧化碳吸收量存在明显差异,生长季初期5月,2004年碳吸收最强,2006年次之,2005年最小。对于生长旺盛期,降水量最大的2004年碳吸收能力最强,正午最大值可以达到-0.12 mg·m-2·s-1,2005年次之,最大值达-0.06 mg·m-2·s-1,仅仅是2004年最大值的1/2,2006年最小,正午吸收的最大值为-0.02 mg·m-2·s-1,生长季末期,3个生长季的月均日变化非常相似,其在正午的最大吸收值也没有显著差异,正午最大吸收量为-0.01 mg·m-2·s-1左右,其他时段均在0值附近。即使在降水量相近的两个年份里（2005—2006年）,其NEE的最大值出现时间也不一致,2005年NEE的最大月累计量出现在8月和9月,而2006年则出现在6月和7月,这可能与年内降水量分布格局有关。3个生长季荒漠生态系统均表现为净二氧化碳吸收,其吸收量分别为:-236.18 g·m-2,-63.07 g·m-2和-91.97 g·m-2。年际差异的形成原因是降水差异造成的一年生草本植物数量变化,不利用降水的建群种应该对此没有贡献。     

多年生人工草地对沙质土壤呼吸作用的影响

 在鄂尔多斯沙地改良试验站的撂荒地和退耕地,测定和分析了多年生人工草地对土壤呼吸速率的影响。结果表明,撂荒地上建植人工草地后土壤呼吸速率明显增高,人工建植草地土壤呼吸速率与撂荒地的土壤呼吸速率差异达到极显著水平(P<0.01);建植于退耕地上的无芒雀麦草地的土壤呼吸速率略高于玉米地土壤呼吸速率。撂荒地和退耕地上建植的无芒雀麦草地土壤呼吸速率高于冰草草地土壤呼吸速率。而施有机肥会提高人工草地的土壤呼吸。     

不同规格近江牡蛎的排氨率和耗氧率分析

采用实验生态学方法研究了不同规格近江牡蛎的呼吸和排泄生理生态学参数。结果显示,近江牡蛎耗氧率R_O随软体干重(W )的增加而减小, 体重对近江牡蛎耗氧率(R_O)的影响达极显著水平,R_O = 1.8232W^-0.7600, (R²= 0.8313 , P <0.01); 近江牡蛎的排氨率(R_N)和排磷率(R_P)随软体干重的增加而降低,呈负相关关系;而氧氮比O/N和氮磷比N/P在各组间未达显著水平(P >0.05) , R_N = 0.0930W^-0.6582 (R² = 0.7444, P <0.01)、R_P = 0.0126W^-0.8874 (R² = 0.9224,P <0.01);各组不同规格近(大小)江牡蛎的O/N值较高,而N/P值则随规格增大而呈上升趋势,但差异也不显著(P >0.05)。这些研究结果对牡蛎养殖密度和环境关系分析及牡蛎健康养殖具有重要参考价值。     

Isolation of anaerobic,extremely thermophilic,sulphur metabolising archaebacteria from New Zealand hot springs

Enrichments of New Zealand geo‐thermal samples, initiated in anaerobic sulphur‐containing media and incubated at temperatures above 85°C, yielded rod and coccal shaped organisms which possessed archaebacterial characteristics. Pure cultures were isolated and characterised. Five of the seven isolates, which were rod‐shaped organisms and did not have an obligate requirement for sulphur respiration, were similar to Thermoproteus sp. but had more neutral pH optima for growth. Three of these five Thermoproteus sp. were obligate heterotrophs, which has not previously been reported. The two coccal isolates had an obligate requirement for sulphur as an electron acceptor and were similar to Desulfurococcus sp. but again with more neutral pH optima for growth.     

植被恢复方式对黄土丘陵区土壤理化性质及微生物特性的影响

对甘肃省定西市黄土丘陵区不同植被恢复方式下的土壤水分、pH、有机碳（SOC）、全氮（TN）、碱解氮（AN）、全磷（TP）、速效磷（AP）、速效钾（AK）及微生物生物量、呼吸速率、呼吸熵（qCO₂）以及微生物熵（q_MB）进行了测定与分析。结果表明：不同植被恢复方式下,土壤pH值变化差异不显著（p>0.05）;0~20 cm土SOC、TN、AN、TP、AP、微生物量碳（SMBC）、微生物量氮（SMBN）含量及微生物呼吸速率（MR）均为天然植被（CL）下最高,AK为自然恢复（Q）方式下最高,qCO₂与q_MB在人工重建+自然恢复（RZ）方式下最高;20~40 cm土壤的SOC、TN、AN、TP、AP含量变化同0~20 cm,AK、SMBC、SMBN、 q_MB及MR在RZ方式下最高;40~60 cm土壤的SOC、TN、AN、AP及TP含量在CL方式下最高,SMBC、SMBN、 q_MB及MR在RZ方式下最高,AK、 qCO₂在Q方式下最高。相同植被恢复方式下,随土层深度增加,SOC、TN、AN、TP、AP、AK、SMBC、SMBN含量及q_MB、MR均逐渐降低,但qCO₂逐渐升高（除RZ方式）。不同植被恢复方式,SOC、TN、AN、SMBC、SMBN、q_MB、MR及qCO₂之间存在不同程度的相关性。     

四川布拖土壤CO_2多年释放特征及影响因素

依据四川省布拖土壤CO2测点2005—2013年的连续数据,分析了CO2的释放特征、来源和影响因素。结果表明,布拖CO2释放率有明显的夏高冬低年变特征,来源于土壤生物呼吸。布拖CO2释放率的主要影响因素为地温和土壤湿度,在每年11月至次年3月,CO2释放率和地温正相关;在每年4~10月,CO2释放率和土壤湿度正相关。结果还表明,布拖CO2释放率在2007、2012和2013年夏季的峰值偏高,其成因为生物生长增长期内降水量偏大引起土壤湿度增大、从而引起土壤呼吸增强、进而引起CO2释放率偏高,与地震孕育或区域构造活动无关。