藏南洛扎地区侏罗纪—早白垩世层序地层与地层格架——兼论基本层序变化规律调查在区调工作中的运用

根据米级旋回垂向上的变化规律，新特提斯洋北缘北喜马拉雅被动大陆边缘的沉积层序自侏罗纪—早白垩世共可划分二级层序3个，三级层序18个。早、中侏罗世低位体系域不发育，由海进体系域与高位体系域两部分组成。晚侏罗世出现大型深切河谷。海平面下降幅度最大。早白垩世发育陆架边缘体系域。在此基础上建立了测区侏罗纪—早白垩世地层格架。讨论了当前1∶〖KG-*2〗25万、1∶〖KG-*2〗5万区调填图过程中岩石地层单位内基本层序调查应从静态的代表性基本层序描述转变为动态的基本层序变化规律的调查，阐明了基本层序变化规律与层序地层的关系。     

Impact of the surface temperature and vertical shear of zonal wind on the dynamics of a simple two-layer model of the atmosphere

The paper presents and analyzes, from the point of view of smooth dynamic systems theory, a two-layer baroclinic model of the troposphere in geostrophic approximation. The model describes airflow in β-channel within the tropospheric part of the main Hadley circulation cell. It enables to obtain, after application of the Galerkin method, a fairly simple low-parametric dynamic system describing the phenomena of non-linear interactions, bifurcations and blocking in the atmosphere. This enables to take into consideration such basic factors influencing the atmospheric dynamics like the heat exchange within the surface, orography, vertical variability of zonal wind and hydrostatic stability. Impact of zonal thermal variability of the surface and vertical shear of zonal wind in the troposphere on the orographic bifurcation was investigated and the oscillation character in the dynamic system after Hopf bifurcation of the second kind was analyzed. Additionally, the model dynamics was investigated in conditions including momentum forcing in the upper and lower parts of the troposphere and excluding orographic interaction, as well as in the conditions of thermal interaction between the troposphere and the surface for the vertical shear of zonal wind in both tropospheric layers. Impact of the mean zonal wind in the troposphere on the properties of model dynamics was assessed. It was proved that zonally varied surface temperature and layered mean zonal wind in the atmosphere are the parameters that have basic influence on the model dynamics. They cause numerous bifurcations and strongly influence the periods of oscillations of the model variables. They are often Hopf bifurcations of the second kind during which tropospheric states fairly distant from the ones before the bifurcations are generated. This significantly influences the model predictability.     

A 1500-year record of temperature and glacial response inferred from varved Iceberg Lake, southcentral Alaska

We present a varve thickness chronology from glacier-dammed Iceberg Lake in the southern Alaska icefields. Radiogenic evidence confirms that laminations are annual and record continuous sediment deposition from A.D. 442 to A.D. 1998. Varve thickness is positively correlated with Northern Hemisphere temperature trends, and more strongly with a local, ∼600 yr long tree ring width chronology. Varve thickness increases in warm summers because of higher melt, runoff, and sediment transport (as expected), but also because shrinkage of the glacier dam allows shoreline regression that concentrates sediment in the smaller lake. Varve thickness provides a sensitive record of relative changes in warm season temperatures. Relative to the entire record, temperatures implied by this chronology were lowest around A.D. 600, warm between A.D. 1000 and A.D. 1300, cooler between A.D. 1500 and A.D. 1850, and have increased dramatically since then. Combined with stratigraphic evidence that contemporary jökulhlaups (which began in 1999) are unprecedented since at least A.D. 442, this record suggests that 20th century warming is more intense, and accompanied by more extensive glacier retreat, than the Medieval Warm Period or any other time in the last 1500 yr.     

"Little Ice Age" Research: A Perspective from Iceland

The development during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries of the sciences of meteorology and climatology and their subdisciplines has made possible an ever-increasing understanding of the climate of the past. In particular, the refinement of palaeoclimatic proxy data has meant that the climate of the past thousand years has begun to be extensively studied. In the context of this research, it has often been suggested that a warm epoch occurred in much of northern Europe, the north Atlantic, and other parts of the world, from around the ninth through the fourteenth centuries, and that this was followed by a decline in temperatures culminating in a "Little Ice Age" from about 1550 to 1850 (see e.g. Lamb, 1965, 1977; Flohn, 1978). The appelations "Medieval Warm Period" and "Little Ice Age" have entered the literature and are frequently used without clear definition. More recently, however, these terms have come under closer scrutiny (see, e.g. Ogilvie, 1991, 1992; Bradley and Jones, 1992; Mikami, 1992; Briffa and Jones, 1993; Bradley and Jones, 1993; Hughes and Diaz, 1994; Jones et al., 1998; Mann et al., 1999; Crowley and Lowery, 2000). As research continues into climatic fluctuations over the last 1000 to 2000 years, a pattern is emerging which suggests a far more complex picture than early research into the history of climate suggested. In this paper, the origins of the term "Little Ice Age" are considered. Because of the emphasis on the North Atlantic in this volume, the prime focus is on research that has been undertaken in this region, with a perspective on the historiography of historical climatology in Iceland as well as on the twentieth-century climate of Iceland. The phrase "Little Ice Age" has become part of the scientific and popular thinking on the climate of the past thousand years. However, as knowledge of the climate of the Holocene continues to grow, the term now seems to cloud rather than clarify thinking on the climate of the past thousand years. It is hoped that the discussion here will encourage future researchers to focus their thinking on exactly and precisely what is meant when the term "Little Ice Age" is used.     

分岔隧道变形监测与施工对策研究

分岔隧道是一种新型结构形式的隧道。以八字岭分岔隧道为工程背景,首先介绍了分岔隧道现场变形监测方法;接着分析了在当前支护和施工方案条件下隧道纵向变形特点、大拱段伴随开挖和支护进行表现出来的施工动态响应特点及隧道开挖面表现出来的空间效应特点。最后,在分析隧道变形特点的基础上,给出了相应的施工对策。研究结果为分岔隧道的设计、施工提供了必要的依据。     

Classification of Motions for Generalization of the two Centers Problem on a Sphere

The generalization of a test particle motion in a central field of two immovable point-like centers to the case of a constant curvature space, on a three-dimensional sphere, is investigated in the paper. The bifurcation set in the plane of integrals of motion is constructed and the classification of the domains of possible motion is carried out on a two-dimensional sphere. The regularization of the Kepler’s problem on a two-dimensional sphere is carried out. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

层状地基-非线性结构系统地震响应特性分析

根据从系统能量导出的地震动力方程,采用渐近解析法对层状地基 非线性结构系统的地震响应进行了分析,给出了共振区的振幅-频率以及相位-频率的解析公式,并对地基参数的不同取值,给出了一系列相应的计算结果。进而根据计算结果分析了地基参数对结构地震响应特性的影响,讨论了共振区畸变、振幅的分叉和突变现象以及“路径”效应等非线性动力特性。分析结果表明,同一类别地基的参数变化对结构的动力特性有显著的影响,按现行抗震设计方法对层状地基 非结构系统进行抗震分析时,可能产生较大的偏差,需考虑相互作用和非线性特性,以使设计参数更合理和优化。     

顺层边坡岩体结构的模态幅值研究

针对顺层边坡岩体结构变形的特点,利用后屈曲能量准则建立了平衡稳定模态幅值方程,给出了平衡分叉点附近的邻域及边坡坡脚剪切滑动的判据。根据岩体边坡渐近性破坏的机理和流变变形的特征,分析了可能影响模态幅值的各种因素,给出了以坡长为控制变量的平衡稳定模态幅值的极值。     

赤潮藻类生态营养模型非线性动力研究

基于营养盐、赤潮藻类、植食浮游动物之间的食物链关系,考虑到由于海洋内微生物分解动植物遗体对营养盐的补充以及物理因素导致的流失,文中建立了营养盐一赤潮藻类一植食性浮游动物相互作用的耦合生态动力学模型。运用现代非线性动力学理论,对模型解的动力学稳定性进行了分析。结果表明,随着参数的变化,系统稳定性也随之变化,甚至出现HOPF分岔现象。     

Wave propagation and strain localization in a fully saturated softening porous medium under the non‐isothermal conditions

The (THM) coupling effects on the dynamic wave propagation and strain localization in a fully saturated softening porous medium are analyzed. The characteristic polynomial corresponding to the governing equations of the THM system is derived, and the stability analysis is conducted to determine the necessary conditions for stability in both non‐isothermal and adiabatic cases. The result from the dispersion analysis based on the Abel–Ruffini theorem reveals that the roots of the characteristic polynomial for the THM problem cannot be expressed algebraically. Meanwhile, the dispersion analysis on the adiabatic case leads to a new analytical expression of the internal length scale. Our limit analysis on the phase velocity for the non‐isothermal case indicates that the internal length scale for the non‐isothermal THM system may vanish at the short wavelength limit. This result leads to the conclusion that the rate‐dependence introduced by multiphysical coupling may not regularize the THM governing equations when softening occurs. Numerical experiments are used to verify the results from the stability and dispersion analyses. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.