Drained instability analysis of sand under biaxial loading using a 3D material model

The diffused and localized instabilities in sand under drained biaxial loading have been analyzed here following a plane strain bifurcation framework, where the rate independent material is defined using a generalized 3D non-associative constitutive model. This study is focused on how various instability modes emerge with respect to initial density, confining pressure, and the applied boundary conditions. Results from large deformation framework have been compared with those from small deformation approximation and the later is noticed to fail in capturing the emergence of diffused modes and predicts delayed onset of localization. The theoretical predictions compares well with existing experimental observations.     

Late Holocene coastal sand movements in the Outer Hebrides, N.W. Scotland

Lithostratigraphical and biostratigraphical investigation of coastal marshes along the Atlantic coast of the Outer Hebrides from Lewis in the north to Barra in the south discloses inland-tapering sand units within marshland areas. The inland extent of each sand unit has been radiometrically dated and the units have been collectively interpreted as a proxy for past coastal storminess. The data appear to indicate that for the study sites investigated, the majority of the sand units were produced during episodes of climate deterioration both prior to and after the well-known period of Medieval warmth (MWP). Many were produced after ca. AD 1400. It is argued that the episodes of sand blow indicated by the deposits may reflect periods of increased cyclogenesis in the Atlantic associated with increased sea ice cover and an increase in the thermal gradient across the North Atlantic region.     

U_(37)~K指标在南海末次盛冰期表层海水古温度研究中的应用

根据1998年6~9月采集于南海海域沉积岩芯中的浮游有孔虫氧、碳同位素和SiO2、CaCO3地球化学地层序列,标定了南海的年代框架,并应用UK 37指标重建了南海南、北部末次盛冰期以来表层海水的古温度。结果显示:南海南部冰后期和末次盛冰期时UK 37海水表层估温分别为24.5~27.4℃和23.8~25.3℃,平均水温分别为26.3℃和24.3℃。南海北部冰后期和末次盛冰期时UK 37海水表层估温分别为23.3~26.9℃和22.2~23.8℃,平均水温分别为26.6℃和22.8℃。南海北部温差比南部大,也比同一纬度的其它观察点大得多,充分表明南海对气候变化响应的敏感程度远大于开放性大洋,同时也进一步证实了边缘海对于冰期旋回的环境信号具有放大效应。     

Genetical study on the parthenogenesis in Laminaria japonica

The parthenogenesis and natural doubling of chromosomes in wild type female gametophytes of Laminaria japonica were studied. The results indicate that not all the female gametophytes from the wild type hybrid parent can propagate through parthenogenesis. Most parthenosporophytes can mature, their spores germinate into gametophytes, the latter then developed into female sporophytes. To form these parthenosporophytes the natural doubling of chromosomes occurred mainly at the first and second cell divisions of the spores. It is thus considered that the parthenogenesis of L. japonica is inheritable and the relative genes link closely with the genes controlling the natural doubling of chromosomes and the female determination.     

The role of non‐coaxiality in the simulation of strain localization based on classical and Cosserat continua

It is normally accepted that materials inside the shear band undergo severe rotation of the principal stress direction, which causes non‐coaxiality between the principal stress and principal plastic strain rate. However, classical plasticity flow theory implicitly assumes that the principal stress and the principal plastic strain rate are coaxial; thus, it may not correctly predict the onset of the shear band. In addition, classical continuum does not contain any internal length scales; as a result, it cannot provide a reasonable shear band thickness. In this study, the original vertex non‐coaxial plastic model based on the classical continuum is extended to the Cosserat continuum. The corresponding codes are implemented via the interface of the user defined element subroutine in ABAQUS. Through a simple shear test, the effectiveness of the user's codes is verified. Through a uniaxial compression test, the influence of non‐coaxiality on the onset, the orientation, and the thickness of the shear band is investigated. Results show that the onset of the shear localization is delayed, and the thickness of the shear band is widened when the non‐coaxial degree increases, while the orientation of the shear band is little affected by the non‐coaxial degree. In addition, it is found that the non‐coaxiality can weaken the micro‐polar effect to some extent; nonetheless, the Cosserat non‐coaxial model still has its advantage over the classical non‐coaxial model in capturing the pre‐bifurcation as well as the post‐bifurcation behaviors of strain localization. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

清代大地测量兴衰研究

清代前期大地测量曾得到空前的发展,这是因为当时大地测量学在欧洲的发展和当局重视引进测绘人才和技术;但后来逐渐衰落,究其衰亡之根源:腐朽的政治制度是其根,不重视哲学、科学教育的落后的教育方式是其源。     

一个三维生化反应竞争模型的非线性振荡

在微生物培养的过程中,有时会产生一些振荡现象,这种现象对应了有关数学模型中的极限环的存在性。本文中心流定理证明了一类两个微生物竞争一个具有再生功能营养物的生化模型的Hopf分支以及极限环的存在性,证明了在这一类的生化培养中非线性振荡现象同样存在。     

The changing malaria risk patterns in East-Central Europe and the North Balkans in the last 27 000 years

Southeast Europe has historically been at the crossroads of migration routes between Western Asia and Europe. In the Holocene, this area might have been home to malaria. However, it is questionable when malaria arrived in this area and whether it could persist continuously or not in the Holocene. To begin to answer these questions, the July potential generation number of two malaria parasites were modelled, based on the reconstructed mean July temperatures of 52 times in the last 27 000 years. The results indicate that in the late Pleistocene era (27–12 kya bp ), vivax malaria might have been present in the south-east Black Sea and Aegean Sea's coastal areas. Vivax malaria could also be present in the Pannonian Basin and the inner parts of the North Balkans at least from the mid-Greenlandian period (~10 kya bp ). Although it is questionable whether falciparum malaria could be endemic in the Pannonian Basin during the mid-Holocene climate optimum (~6 kya bp ), this malaria plausibly could be endemic from the Neolithic era (~12–6.5 kya bp ) in the major river valleys of the North Balkan region, millennia ahead of the Graeco-Roman times (8th century bce to 6th century ce ).     

南岭燕山期构造-岩浆热事件与锡田锡钨成矿

燕山期发生的与岩石圈减薄和构造转折有关的壳幔相互作用,引起了地球深部能量和物质向浅部的大规模传输,造成了南岭中生代构造-岩浆热事件,从而为成矿作用提供了必需的热、流体、挥发组分和成矿元素,形成了巨量金属堆积的独特地质背景。处于南岭多金属成矿带中段北缘的锡田锡钨成矿区即是在此热事件作用下,形成了云英岩型、似伟晶岩壳型、夕卡岩型、构造蚀变岩型、石英脉型锡、钨多金属矿床。     

地幔蠕动流中一类复杂动力学现象

从流体力学基本理论出发,在地幔蠕动及热能聚散假说的指导下,考虑地幔蠕动物质在垂直磁场作用下,数学模型方程中所表现出来的复杂动力学现象,并从成矿动力学的角度进行了讨论。