Comparison of particle size characteristics of the Tertiary 'red clay' and Pleistocene loess in the Chinese Loess Plateau: implications for origin and sources of the 'red clay'

The origin of the Tertiary ‘red clay’ underlying the Pleistocene loess in the Chinese Loess Plateau remains controversial, although several lines of evidence have suggested a wind‐blown origin. This study examines the particle‐size parameters of the late Miocene and Pliocene ‘red clay’ by comparing it with those of the late Pleistocene loess. The particle‐size distribution of a total of 15 339 loess and 6394 ‘red clay’ samples taken from 12 loess sections along a north–south transect and two ‘red clay’ sequences at Lingtai and Jingchuan was systematically analysed. The median grain size, skewness and kurtosis of the late Pleistocene loess all show a systematic southward change and are principally influenced by distance from source region. The spatial and temporal differentiation of dust deposits is expressed in a skewness–kurtosis–median grain size ternary diagram, from which the distance to the source region can be inferred. The particle‐size characteristics of the Tertiary ‘red clay’ sediments are very similar to those of the palaeosols within the late Pleistocene loess deposits, suggesting an aeolian origin for the ‘red clay’. Based on the comparison of ‘red clay’ and loess in the ternary diagrams, it is inferred that the source–sink distance was greater in the Neogene than in the last and penultimate interglacials, and that the dust source region in north‐western China underwent a progressive expansion during the period from at least 7·0 Ma to the present.     

尾矿堆积坝透镜体分布状态研究

尾矿堆积坝中尾砂透镜体具有复杂的分布状态，对坝体的稳定状况有极大影响。根据工程地质勘察所揭露出的透镜体长度信息，定义了一个分布系数米描述透镜体分布状态，并对德兴铜矿2^#尾矿坝、永平铜矿1^#尾矿坝、安徽某铜矿尾矿坝及银山铅锌矿尾矿坝主剖面进行了分析。结果表明，分布系数能较好地反映出尾矿堆积坝的沉积状况，即分布系数值越大，尾矿坝的沉积状况越好：分布系数与尾矿土的不均匀系数成正相关，与粉砂不均匀系数有定量的关系。这些结果对尾矿坝工程地质勘察资料的分析及尾砂沉积规律的认识可能会有重要意义。     

The causes of bedload pulses in a gravel channel: the implications of bedload grain‐size distributions

Unsteady bedload transport was measured in two c. 5 m wide anabranches of a gravel‐bed braided stream draining the Haut Glacier d'Arolla, Switzerland, during the 1998 and 1999 melt seasons. Bedload was directly sampled using 152 mm square Helley–Smith type samplers deployed from a portable measuring bridge, and independent transport rate estimates for the coarser size fractions were obtained from the dispersion of magnetically tagged tracer pebbles. Bedload transport time series show pulsing behaviour under both marginal (1998) and partial (1999) transport regimes. There are generally weak correlations between transport rates and shear stresses determined from velocity data recorded at the measuring bridge. Characteristic parameters of the bedload grain‐size distributions (D₅₀, D₈₄) are weakly correlated with transport rates. Analysis of full bedload grain‐size distributions reveals greater structure, with a tendency for transport to become less size selective at higher transport rates. The bedload time series show autoregressive behaviour but are dif?cult to distinguish by this method. State–space plots, and associated measures of time‐series separation, reveal the structure of the time series more clearly. The measured pulses have distinctly different time‐series characteristics from those modelled using a one‐dimensional sediment routing model in which bed shear stress and grain size are varied randomly. These results suggest a mechanism of pulse generation based on irregular low‐amplitude bedforms, that may be generated in‐channel or may represent the advection of material supplied by bank erosion events. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

HDTMA+柱撑离子空间几何尺寸与柱撑蒙脱石层间排列方式的研究

用X射线衍射方法对不同柱撑浓度条件下制备的HDTMA^ 柱撑蒙脱石系列样品进行研究，结合有机离子的理论空间几何尺寸，提出有机柱撑离子在层间的不同排列展布方式。水平单层排列的HDTMA^ 离子可以有两种不同的排列方式并分别对应于柱撑产物的不同底面间距，水平双层排列虽然也可形成两种不同的排列方式，但是柱撑产物具有相同的底面间距，并用联锁嵌合结构解释了有机离子在水平双层和假三层排列模式下其实际总体高度要低于各单层高度数字之和。     

Study of total column atmospheric aerosol optical depth,ozone and precipitable water content over Bay of Bengal during BOBMEX-99

The spatial and temporal variations in aerosols and precursor gases over oceanic regions have special importance in the estimation of radiative forcing parameters and thereby in the refinement of general circulation models. Extensive observations of the columnar aerosol optical depth (AOD), total column ozone (TCO) and precipitable water content (PWC) have been carried out using the on-line, multi-band solar radiometers onboard ORV Sagar Kanya (Cruise # SK 147B) over Bay of Bengal during 11th–28th August 1999. Aerosol optical and physical properties (optical depth and angstrom parameter) have been estimated at six wavelengths covering from UV to NIR (380–1020 nm) while TCO and PWC have been determined using the UV band around 300 nm and NIR band around 940 nm, respectively. Added, concurrent meteorological and satellite observations during this field phase of BOBMEX-99 have been utilized to investigate spectral-temporal variations of AOD, TCO and PWC in marine environment. The results indicate lower AODs (around 0.4 at characteristic wavelength of 500 nm) and size distributions with abundance of coarse-mode particles as compared to those aerosols of typical land origin. An interesting result that is found in the present study is the significant reduction in AOD at all wavelengths from initial to later part of observation period due to cloud-scavenging and rain-washout effects as well as signature of coastal aerosol loading. The clear-sky daytime diurnal variation of TCO shows gradual increase during post-sunrise hours, broad maximum during afternoon hours and gradual decrease during pre-sunset hours, which is considered to be due to photochemical reactions. The diurnal variation curve of PWC showed maximum (~ 4 cm) during morning hours and gradual decrease (~ 3.5 cm) towards evening hours, which are found to be greater as compared to typical values over land. Another interesting feature observed is that although the PWC values are very high, there was no proportionate or appreciable enhancement in AOD—a feature that can be utilized to infer composition of aerosols over the study region.     

三维采矿物理模拟实验装置主要设计参数研究

在综合考虑各类采矿物理模拟试验所要求的合理模型尺寸的基础上,以满足模拟三维采场岩层移动物理模型为依据,对被模拟的适宜原型尺寸、模型平面尺寸和最大高度、以及模型表面荷载的加载方式和加载级别等物理模型实验装置的主要设计参数和要素进行了全面论证和分析。     

Power law olivine crystal size distributions in lithospheric mantle xenoliths

Olivine crystal size distributions (CSDs) have been measured in three suites of spinel- and garnet-bearing harzburgites and lherzolites found as xenoliths in alkaline basalts from Canary Islands, Africa; Victoria Land, Antarctica; and Pali Aike, South America. The xenoliths derive from lithospheric mantle, from depths ranging from 80 to 20 km. Their textures vary from coarse to porphyroclastic and mosaic–porphyroclastic up to cataclastic. Data have been collected by processing digital images acquired optically from standard petrographic thin sections. The acquisition method is based on a high-resolution colour scanner that allows image capturing of a whole thin section. Image processing was performed using the VISILOG 5.2 package, resolving crystals larger than about 150 μm and applying stereological corrections based on the Schwartz–Saltykov algorithm. Taking account of truncation effects due to resolution limits and thin section size, all samples show scale invariance of crystal size distributions over almost three orders of magnitude (0.2–25 mm). Power law relations show fractal dimensions varying between 2.4 and 3.8, a range of values observed for distributions of fragment sizes in a variety of other geological contexts.

A fragmentation model can reproduce the fractal dimensions around 2.6, which correspond to well-equilibrated granoblastic textures. Fractal dimensions >3 are typical of porphyroclastic and cataclastic samples. Slight bends in some linear arrays suggest selective tectonic crushing of crystals with size larger than 1 mm. The scale invariance shown by lithospheric mantle xenoliths in a variety of tectonic settings forms distant geographic regions, which indicate that this is a common characteristic of the upper mantle and should be taken into account in rheological models and evaluation of metasomatic models.     

A New Method for Clay Mineral Analysis and Its Application in Geology

X-ray diffraction (XRD) peaks in a low-angle diffraction section of clay minerals, especially those of authigenic origin, have broadening and tailing features in shape. Using the five basic parameters, peak position, peak height, width, shape coefficient and asymmetry, to describe an XRD peak is more accurate, comprehensive and integrated than using only 3 of them, position, height and width. Following the concept of the five basic parameters of an XRD peak, the program Decoform proposed in this study provides more information in mineralogical analyses by fitting actual XRD profiles. In combination with the HW-IR plot, Decoform can be systematically and accurately used in the comprehensive analyses of crystallinity, domain size, lattice strain and quantitative phase. It is also of value for the geological investigations of diagenesis, metamorphism, basin maturity, structural stress field and so on.     

甘肃省秋季层状云冰雪晶粒子特征个例分析

利用安装有PMS探头、温湿仪和GPS的飞机 ,对 2 0 0 1年 10月 12日甘肃河西地区降水性层状云进行了探测。根据获取的资料分析了此次降水性层状云的冰雪晶特征 ,包括不同粒子的分布特性 ,给出不同温度下的冰雪晶粒子谱 ,还分析了粒子谱型随温度的变化及其包含的微物理机制。与我国其它地区的冰雪晶浓度比较认为 ,在一定的云水条件下 ,甘肃秋季层状云有较大的增雨催化潜力     

下沉气流对Z-I关系的影响

采用伽玛分布形式的雨滴谱表达式，讨论了下沉气流W对Z－I关系的影响。发现随着W（向下为正）增大，关系式Z＝AI^b中系数A值减小,b值增大。利用地面实测雨滴谱资料计算出不同下沉气流下Z、I后回归得到的A、b值，以及根据由平均谱拟合得到的伽玛分布参数计算出A、b值，它们随W改变的变化趋势，均与理论分析结果一致。还讨论了环境气压场p对Z－I关系的作用，气压减小时，A值减小，b值增大，但变化不如W影响时的变化影响。此外，结合实测雨滴谱资料，分析了雨滴平均谱特征以及相关物理量的演变过程。