南帕米尔喀拉苏沟韧性剪切带构造变形特征及年代学分析

帕米尔西构造结经历了古生代—中生代多个地体的复杂拼合过程, 又遭受了新生代印度-亚洲碰撞的改造, 在整个青藏高原构造演化中扮演了重要的角色, 但该地区中生代构造演化的研究仍然相对较少。通过研究南帕米尔一条北西—南东走向宽约1.5 km的韧性剪切带中野外和显微变形特征, 判定剪切带为左行剪切, 剪切以走滑分量为主, 兼具部分逆冲分量, 韧性变形呈现中心强, 边缘弱的特点。根据剪切带中花岗岩岩株的形态、变形、岩石地球化学特征以及与区域其它岩体的对比, 判定其为同构造花岗岩。该同构造花岗岩中测得的两个锆石U-Pb同位素年龄为(233.2±1.8) Ma和(235.7±1.4) Ma, 代表韧性剪切带形成于晚三叠世初期, 指示南帕米尔地块内部在乳山洋闭合初期已经发生明显的构造变形。     

帕米尔构造结塔什库尔干碱性杂岩同位素年代学研究

利用高精度锆石SHRIMP U-Pb法测定了帕米尔构造结中东部塔什库尔干碱性杂岩的年龄,岩体不同岩石类型的年龄均为11Ma,与野外证据吻合。通过与该杂岩体钾长~(40)Ar/~(39)Ar等时线年龄(23Ma、13Ma)对比研究,~(40)Ar/~(39)Ar定年结果明显偏老,认为是由于钾长石中含有过剩氩所致,并分析了过剩氩存在的可能原因。因此塔什库尔干碱性杂岩的活动时代可以确定为11Ma,而且钾长石不宜作为该杂岩体测年的理想对象。结合岩体的成因及构造意义,认为在11Ma前,帕米尔构造结地区已具有加厚下地壳的特征。     

帕米尔-西昆仑北麓新生代前陆褶皱冲断带构造剖面分析

依据帕米尔—西昆仑北麓新生代前陆褶皱冲断带 3条构造剖面的详细分析,发现帕米尔—西昆仑北麓除山根地带发育高角度断层外,基本上以低角度逆掩断层为主,形成与逆冲推覆构造相关的褶皱变形。乌泊尔地区表现为由山脉向塔里木盆地滑移的隐伏冲断层和上覆褶皱;苏盖特—齐姆根—甫沙地区表现为山前的三角带和向盆地扩展的两排背斜带。帕米尔—西昆仑北麓前陆褶皱冲断带的主要构造变形时间始于上新世早期(距今约 4.6Ma),断层、褶皱的变形时代由山前向盆地逐步变新,变形强度由山脉向塔里木盆地逐步减弱。帕米尔—西昆仑北麓前陆褶皱冲断带的构造缩短量为 20～70km,缩短率为 35%～50%。     

The thermal structure of continental crust in active orogens: insight from Miocene eclogite and granulite xenoliths of the Pamir Mountains

Rare ultrahigh‐temperature–(near)ultrahigh‐pressure (UHT–near‐UHP) crustal xenoliths erupted at 11 Ma in the Pamir Mountains, southeastern Tajikistan, preserve a compositional and thermal record at mantle depths of crustal material subducted beneath the largest collisional orogen on Earth. A combination of oxygen‐isotope thermometry, major‐element thermobarometry and pseudosection analysis reveals that, prior to eruption, the xenoliths partially equilibrated at conditions ranging from 815 °C at 19 kbar to 1100 °C at 27 kbar for eclogites and granulites, and 884 °C at 20 kbar to 1012 °C at 33 kbar for garnet–phlogopite websterites. To reach these conditions, the eclogites and granulites must have undergone mica‐dehydration melting. The extraction depths exceed the present‐day Pamir Moho at ～65 km depth and suggest an average thermal gradient of ～12–13 °C km^?1. The relatively cold geotherm implies the introduction of these rocks to mantle depths by subduction or gravitational foundering (transient crustal drip). The xenoliths provide a window into a part of the orogenic history in which crustal material reached UHT–(U)HP conditions, partially melted, and then decompressed, without being overprinted by the later post‐thermal relaxation history.     

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南帕米尔北缘切实界别辉长岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年、地球化学特征及其地质意义

南帕米尔北缘切实界别地区广泛分布的基性岩体(岩脉)侵位于下二叠统中,LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb同位素定年获得其成岩年龄为269.5±1.3Ma,反映该地区存在中二叠世基性岩浆活动。岩体中SiO2含量为46.68%~49.20%,TiO2平均值为1.40%,(K2O+Na2O)在3.94%~5.83%之间,属于碱性系列;稀土元素配分模式呈LREE富集型,δEu值为0.92~1.31,无明显Eu异常;明显富集K、Rb、Sr、Ba等大离子亲石元素,相对亏损Nb、Ta、Ti、P等高场强元素及Th、U放射性生热元素,类似于板内玄武岩;微量元素构造环境判别图亦显示其形成于板内构造环境。与邻区二叠纪基性火山岩地球化学特征对比,结果表明,南帕米尔和南羌塘在二叠纪同处于板内伸展环境,而冈底斯带属于岛弧背景,这为帕米尔和青藏高原石炭纪—二叠纪构造单元的划分与对比提供了岩浆作用方面的依据。     

乌泊尔断裂带构造几何学与运动学

乌泊尔断裂带位于帕米尔构造结东北缘,作为揭示青藏高原形成与演化历史的关键地区之一,为碰撞造山作用提供了详细信息,因此厘清乌泊尔断裂带关键构造的形成演化具有重要意义。为研究该断裂带的几何学与运动学特征,本文利用钻测井资料、二维地震反射资料、DEM 高程资料以及喀什地区1∶100 000地质图,以断层相关褶皱理论为指导,对乌泊尔断裂带进行精细构造解析。研究认为,乌泊尔断裂沿走向至少可分为东、西两段,西段构造变形强烈,而东段较弱,构造样式沿断裂走向上有较大差异;垂直于构造走向上可划分出两个等倾角区;乌泊尔地区的变形最早于中新世早期开始,自上新世以来构造变形强烈,乌泊尔断裂在该区域的活动起始于第四纪,具有幕式活动的特点;通过断层相关褶皱分析得到,自中新世至上新世,断裂东段的构造缩短量至少为9.47 km,第四纪以来的构造缩短量至少为11.65 km。第四系生长地层的内部结构受控于基底叠瓦构造和乌泊尔断裂,明确深浅构造的关系能较好得限定研究区关键构造的形成演化过程,可作为复杂构造解析的有效方法。     

帕米尔东北部昆仑圆柏850年树轮宽度年表的建立及其气候意义

利用帕米尔高原东北缘的昆仑圆柏树轮资料建立了850 a的树轮宽度年表(1165—2014年),是目前新疆最长的树轮年表。树轮宽度指数与乌恰站的气象资料相关分析表明:树轮宽度主要受水分条件限制,与降水量、降水日数和水汽压呈一致的正相关,其中树轮宽度标准年表与乌恰上年10月—当年7月的降水量的相关系数达到0.671。宽度年表与最高气温和最低气温呈反相关:当年生长季及其前期的最高气温与轮宽指数负相关,而最低气温(当年5月以外)与树木的生长正相关,表明生长季的较高的最高气温和冬季的较低的最低气温不利于树木的生长。树轮宽度指数与CRU格点降水资料的空间相关分析表明其能较好地反映帕米尔高原东部的降水变化,其次与新疆天山山区中部和南疆平原区的降水也具有较好的相关性。     

ASTER-GDEM数据在塔吉克帕米尔成矿带区域化探中的实际应用

塔吉克帕米尔地区地处高寒地区,地质研究程度整体相对较低,缺乏完整的1∶5万和1∶10万地形资料,兼之塔吉克保护性政策较强,对外开放程度不够,难以获得大比例尺的地形资料。因此,在塔吉克开展1∶25万区域化探工作,地形等基础资料成为亟待解决的关键的问题。针对上述存在问题,开展了专题研究工作。研究基于ASTER-GDEM高程数据,通过ARCGIS9平台,对DEM数据进行一系列处理,实现了地形、河网水系的提取,数据经度25m。利用境内已有1∶5万地形资料与同一地区利用该方法提取的地(水系)资料进行了对比,结果表明,利用GDEM数据提取的地形(水系)资料是可靠的,其精度接近于1∶5万地形图精度,满足了开展1∶25万区域化探工作的精度要求,从而成功解决了在塔吉克境内开展化探工作地形资料匮乏问题。在缺乏境外地形资料的情况下,无疑为快速开展境外地区相关地质调查研究工作提供一种新的、快速有效的技术方法和手段。     

Evaluating young fluvial terrace riser degradation using a nonlinear transport model: Application to the Kongur Normal Fault in the Pamir,northwest China

Selecting an appropriate hillslope transport model and calibrating model parameters are essential for morphological dating of fault and fluvial scarps. In this paper, we refine the method of profile-based morphologic dating by updating the representation of nonlinearity in sediment flux dependence on the hillslope gradient. We apply this revised method to fluvial scarps bounding fluvial terraces offset along the Kongur Normal Fault in the semi-arid high-altitude Pamir mountains, northwestern China. One of these terraces, the T3 surface, is dated to 7.0^+1.9/_−1.6 kyr using ¹⁰Be cosmogenic depth profile analysis. Well-preserved, dated terraces make this an ideal site to test the utility of morphological modelling in constraining ages of the young terrace risers. To do this, 35 topographic swath profiles across the terrace risers are extracted from a 0.2 m-resolution digital elevation model produced using structure from motion from photos collected by an unmanned aerial vehicle. The best estimates of morphological age are 13.9 ± 1.3 m² for the riser T3/T4 and 11.9 ± 1.3 m² for T2/T3 using a linear diffusion approach. These two morphological ages overlap within uncertainty and fail to distinguish between two young terrace risers. Alternatively, we employed a nonlinear diffusion model, calibrated with transport constant k = 1 m² kyr⁻¹, nonlinearity n = 2, and critical gradient S_c = tan(33°). This nonlinear model produces ages of 7.3 ± 0.5 kyr for T3/T4 and 4.0 ± 0.2 kyr for T2/T3; these ages are consistent with terrace surface ages deduced by using vertical offset divided by independently determining average throw rate. This comparison shows the advantage of a nonlinear model in defining ages of young scarps. Furthermore, we explored the minor effect of heterogeneous degradation along steep sections of the scarp profiles. The nonlinear scarp modelling scheme we develop in this paper is suitable for studying scarp degradation in other regions. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.